[西部风云].into.the.west 介绍

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【原 名】：Into The West
【集 数】：6（连载中)
【首 播】：2005年6月10日
【国 家】：美国
【语 言】：英语

【内容简介】：
大家一定还记得2002年斯导给大家带来的《兄弟连》（Band of brothers），国内的美剧迷也因此而迅速扩充。时隔三年，斯导带领麾下的梦工场与TNT电视网合作，再度推出西部史诗巨作《Into the west》（《西部风云》）
不同于以往传统的西部片只从白人殖民者的视角来刻画西部的开拓史，从《辛德勒名单》开始一直追求客观公正再现历史的斯导在这部《Into the west》中，从白人移民和北美本土印第安人两个不同家庭的视角来书写这段宏伟的史诗。两种截然 不同的文化冲突和交流、融合，移民者建设新家园的艰辛，淘金者的暴富欲望都是此剧要表现的主题。一个是从弗吉尼亚州驾着牛车迁徙而来的车匠一家，一个是来自lakota部落的印第安人家庭，他们将一起见证美国西部史上风情诗画与血雨腥风。当然，爱情、亲情、友情绝对是任何佳作中永远也不会缺少的主题
   和《兄弟连》一样，《Into the west》也是一部短剧（Mini Series），只有6集，共12小时

播出时间：6月10日至7月22日，前三集每周五晚8时，后三集每周六晚8时，7月31日停播一周
制作方：梦工场（Dreamworks）
播出方：TNT（Turner Network Television）


Inside “Into The West” Part 1
第一集 历史之轮
引言
我想大部分人看这部片子都是因为斯皮尔博格的原因，很多人开始以为这是《兄弟连》的续集吧？呵呵，其实这部片子与二战没有丝毫关系，所讲述的故事也要比二战大约早100多年。这是一部西部的史诗片，在白人看来是他们引以为傲的所谓西部开拓史，却是印第安人的一部血泪史。《Into The West》正是一部通过白人与印第安人两个家庭的不同视角来全方位地把那段历史呈现给大家的巨作。 虽然大家在初高中的历史课上已经对这段历史有所了解，但恐怕都是有关白人的故事，而对印第安人的那段历史可能就知之甚少了。 该迷你剧集采用了虚构人物与真实事件相结合的拍摄手法，即让一些虚构的人物参与到真实的历史事件当中，如果你对其中的一些事件不是很了解，自然也就失去了观赏的乐趣。为此我专门写了有关的历史背景介绍，其间我会罗列出每集出现的相关人物，事件以及其他一些我所了解的资料。我的侧重点定位在介绍一些不太为人所知的印第安人的历史文化，而对大家熟悉的白人部分就会写的比较概括一些，但是重大历史事件都会详述，希望对大家观看本片有所帮助


关键词
Tatanka
印第安神灵的名字。平原印第安人认为Tatanka和其他神灵一直生活在地下。有一天Tatanka看到了地面上的人们生活非常艰苦，非常同情他们，于是Tatanka来到了地面，变成了野牛的形状。为地面上的人们提供了食物，同时野牛皮又可以做衣服和帐篷，改善了人们的生活。我想看过《与狼共舞》的朋友对这个单词很熟悉吧，Dubar中尉第一次与印第安人正式会面的时候，他跪在地上学野牛，旁边的Kicking Bird就不停地在说这个词

Wakan Tanka
英文翻译成Great Spirit，中文翻译成大灵。平原印第安人认为的上帝，但是Wakan Tanka并不是某一个神灵的名字，而是16个神灵总称。这个词在与印第安人有关的书籍和影视中很常见。

Mountain Men
山顶人。注意这个可不是印第安的单词啊。他是指19世纪一批靠狩猎及毛皮交易为生的人，当然指的是白人啦。在1820到1830年间人数最多，而通常他们都在洛基山脉一带活动所以被称为山顶人。猎物中，海狸皮的价格最高，所以在此其间，数以万计的海狸遭到捕杀。我这里收藏了两部片子是讲山顶人的，当然是盗版的啦，一部是由Sydney Pollack（西德尼·波拉克，走出非洲）执导，Rebert Redford（罗伯特·雷德福，马语者）主演的《Jeremiah Johnson（1972）》，另一部叫做《The Mountain Men（1980）》

Rendezvous
交易站。就是山顶人用海狸皮换钞票和其他物品的地方。这里不但有酒吧还有许多诸如赛马，赌博等娱乐项目。印第安人在这里扮演了很重要的角色，他们来到这里用兽皮换取白人的枪等物品。许多印第安妇女也在这里做了山顶人的妻子。

Vision
幻象。这集出现最多的就是这个词了。大家可能猜到肯定和梦有关。没错，就是梦中看到的东西。当然不光是梦，有时他们也会服用草药，或者几天不吃东西，让身体处在一种昏迷与清醒的临界状态，从而得到幻象。印第安人认为幻象是大灵在与他们交流。

White Buffalo Girl
印第安的传说中有一位骑着白水牛的少女来到了部落中，教会了印第安人如何举行仪式来感谢大灵，以及向他寻求帮助。

Thipi
英文翻译成 Tipi，就是印第安人住圆锥型的帐篷。这个可以算作是印第安人的象征了，但是并不是所有部族都住这种帐篷的，只有平原印第安人才住的。

The Sweat Lodge
从字面上的意思就看得出是什么东西了，在片中20:37秒出现。汗屋，呵呵有点像桑那浴房啊，一般是用新鲜的柳树枝作支架然后覆盖上毯子和兽皮，一般都搭的比较矮，并且密不透风，然后在外面把烧热的石头放进去，就可以了 ：） 一般的用途是净化身体和心灵，算是一种仪式。现在仍有不少部落继承着这一传统仪式，不过好像大部分都变成吸引游客的旅游项目了。

Scalp
印第安人有割下被其所杀死敌人头皮的习惯，认为这样可以获得敌人的智慧。说到这里再提一下《与狼共舞》里面开头那个马车夫Timmons遭到Pawnne人袭击的那段，最后那个Pawnne人就是把Timmons的头皮割下来了。现在大家知道为什么最后Timmons叫的那么惨了吧 ：））

chanupa
英文翻译成 Peace Pipe。就是1:22:36秒出现的那种印第安的烟斗。《与狼共舞》片尾Dunbar和Kicking Bird。。。
相传chanupa也是由White Buffalo Woman交给印第安人的并告诉他们如何在仪式上使用它。

Medicine Wheel

神力之轮算是本集的重点部分了。简单的说就是精神世界的一种物理的表现形式。样子如上图所示，指向了四个方向，代表了不同的含义。以下我翻译了一段解释：
It helps us with our \"Vision,\" to see exactly where we are and in which areas we need to develop in order to realize and become our potentials. That we are all connected to one another, and by showing us the intricacies of the interwoven threads of life, what our part in it all is. It helps us understand that without our part in the tapestry the \"Bigger Picture\" is not as it should be. We add colour, dimension and life to each other, to all of life. No matter what colour, race or creed we are, we need each of us to create a beautiful existence and expression of the Whole.
“它帮助我们了解幻象，让我们认清自己，并且告诉我们应该如何发展我们与生俱来的潜力。通过向我们展示出生活中的错综复杂，以及我们在生活中所处的地位，来告诉我们，所有人之间都是有联系的。它让我们明白了在这个世界上哪怕缺少了任何一个人，都会对这个世界有所影响。我们改变着彼此以及整个世界，不论任何肤色，种族以及宗教信仰，都需要我们共同创造一个美丽的世界，四海皆一家。”
(想要了解每个方向的具体含义，可以去 http://www.spiritualnetwork.net/native/medicine_wheel.htm 虽然是E文的，可是使劲啃一下还是能够弄明白的：）

真实人物与历史事件

Jedediah Smith (1798-1831)
杰迪戴亚·史密斯。皮毛商人及著名的探险家。1825年他带领17个手下从大盐湖启程向西北加州方向前进寻求新的贸易路线。在穿越了莫哈维沙漠后，到达了今天加州洛山矶附近的圣盖博教堂。他被认为是第一个从东部来到加州的白人，在遭到西班牙政府的遣返后，他继续向北成为第一个穿越内华达山脉的人，进而转向东北又成为第一个穿越大盐湖沙漠的白人。本集中就讲述了他的这一探险经历。

Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump
野牛断头崖。这个算是加拿大艾伯塔省最有名的景点了吧。这里被平原印第安人用来猎捕野牛已有5600年的历史，被联合国教科文组织列入世界文化遗产。猎捕野牛的方法大家在片子中已经看到了吧。后面有人扮作狼驱赶野牛，前面有人扮成野牛引导野牛群往悬崖那里跑，然后通过绳子荡进悬崖下面的山洞里，野牛自然不会荡绳子了，然后...完事后下面的人就开始满地捡野牛了。有兴趣的朋友可以去这个网站看看http://www.head-smashed-in.com/

Sun Dance
太阳舞。这是平原印第安人的一种祭祀仪式。一般在夏季举行，持续大约12天。片中的出现的只是这个仪式比较重要的部分。1881年美国政府以“野蛮的仪式”为借口禁止了这种仪式。随后此仪式只能秘密的进行，直到上个世纪中期才又悄然恢复（美国政府没闲心了），现在好像每四年举行一次（？）而且严格禁止非印第安人参与及观看。想了解整个的仪式 去这里看看 http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/pla/sdo/

本集演员
Gordon Tootoosis 饰 咆哮之熊

呵呵 这个算是这一集里面我最眼熟的演员了，即使不看cast也能认出来。看过《燃情岁月》的朋友都还记得他吧？

Matthew Settle 饰 雅各布·惠勒

不知道是不是斯皮尔博格在《兄弟连》里看中他的，我没仔细看过《兄》但是对他还是有印象的


Simon Baker 饰 野牛之爱

从去年的Tom Lee Jones的《Missing》到今年的《I, Robot》都露了一小脸。印象最深的还是在成龙大哥的《上海正午》里面Little Feather的角色，就是被成龙救了的那个印第安小孩。

Michael Spears 饰 天狼星

呵呵 估计如果不看cast是死活也认不出他来的。大家记不记得《与狼共舞》里面，有场戏，三个小孩去偷凯文的马，到手后往回赶，结果其中一个小孩被凯文的马从马背上拽下来，摔断了胳膊，就是他啦！



出现在41:41秒，如果没看错的话，这个应该是怀俄明州著名的Devils Tower（魔鬼塔），看过斯皮尔博格的《第三类接触》的朋友应该有印象吧。印第安人称之为Bears Lodge（熊窝），他们视其最神圣的圣地，但是其独特点地形却吸引来了无数的攀岩爱好者，因此这块圣地也一次次的遭到践踏。虽然美国政府已经严格禁止在此攀岩，但是管理人员的态度却是睁一只眼闭一只眼，并且借口说“人数太多无法控制”。白宫那里每天参观的人数也很多，怎么没见到有人爬华盛顿纪念碑？再次体现了所谓的White America

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Inside "Into The West" Part 2
第二集 旅程的终点

关键词
Travois

出现在片中的04:00秒。就是马匹后面拖着的那个东西。是平原印第安人比较常用的运输工具。把两个长棍子的一端用绳子拴住 架在马背上，另一端铺上兽皮，就可以驮东西了。在西班牙人引入马匹之前，Travois一般都是由狗来驮的。
Winter Camp
冬季营地。平原印第安人是喜欢迁徙的种族。夏天的时候他们来到大平原上，因为那里有数目巨大的野牛，可以为他们提供丰富的物质来源。冬天他们就会进入山区，抵御严寒和暴风雪的袭击。呵呵 有得提一下《与狼共舞》了，看过的朋友深有体会吧，要不是因为要迁往冬季营地，Dunbar也不会想到他把日记落在了自己的营地。
Cholera
霍乱同上集的天花一样都属于那个时期比较流行的传染病。但是他给印第安人带来的痛苦要远大于白人。因为白人知道这种病是怎么产生，通过何种途径传播，于是就能相应的采取措施阻止其继续蔓延。而印第安人当时由于知识的落后，根本不清楚这些，导致霍乱等恶性传染疾病在部落之间迅速蔓延。野牛群的消失，传染病的侵袭，以及白人的种族灭绝政策是印第安人几乎绝迹的根本原因


真实人物、地点与历史事件
Jedediah Smith (1798-1831)
杰迪戴亚·史密斯。皮毛商人及著名的探险家。这集叙述了他的死因。1831年史密斯回到圣达菲，同年5月他在寻找水源的途中被科曼奇族人包围，死于锡马龙河（堪萨斯州，北纬36度07分 西经96度30分）的一口水井附近。
John Charles Frémont(1813-1890)

约翰·弗里蒙特。美国著名的探险家、军官及政客。在1846－1848年的墨西哥战争中，他晋升为少校
Black Hill
布莱克山(南达科他西南部)。又一个见证印第安人血泪史的地方。平原印第安人认为的圣地，他们认为那里是世界的中心，是神灵所居住的地方，印第安人到那里祈祷寻求大灵的帮助。1868年美国政府已经与部落联盟签订条约，承认布莱克山永久属于印第安人。但是随后在布莱克山发现黄金的消息传出，吸引了大批的淘金者，印第安人拿起自己的武器极力抵抗但是美国政府非但不遵守条约还出兵镇压，就这样这块圣土遭到了践踏。时至今日，南达科他州有1/3的土地都是属于印第安人的保留地。而布莱克山却被划出了这一范围，美国政府还美其名曰 Black Hill National Forest（布莱克山国家林地）
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794-1876)

墨西哥著名的将领和政治家。德州起义和墨西哥战争的发动者。大家应该熟悉著名的Alamo战役吧，去年老美不还拍了一部《The Alamo》么，既然是老美拍的片子，自然他算是反面角色了。
Independence
独立城。美国密苏里州西部一城市（北纬39度05分 西经94度25分）。1827年美国政府从印第安人手中够得。19世纪是 圣达菲至俄勒冈铁路的起点。哈里·Ｓ·杜鲁门总统的家乡。杜鲁门的坟墓和总统图书馆就位于此城中




本集演员
Matthew Settle 饰 雅各布·惠勒

不知道是不是斯皮尔博格在《兄弟连》里看中他的，我没仔细看过《兄》但是对他还是有印象的
George Leach 饰 野牛之爱

居然第二集就换演员了，真是搞不懂为什么。我个人比较喜欢上集Simon Baker的表演
Jay Tavare 饰 草原之火

这集的新人。前年的《Cold Mountain冷山》和《The Missing荒野寻踪》都见过他


Michael Spears 饰 天狼星

呵呵 估计如果不看cast是死活也认不出他来的。大家记不记得《与狼共舞》里面，有场戏，三个小孩去偷凯文的马，到手后往回赶，结果其中一个小孩被凯文的马从马背上拽下来，摔断了胳膊，就是他啦！

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Inside “Into The West” Part 3

第三集 梦想与阴谋

关键词
Winter Count

冬季总结。冬季总结是印第安人用图画来记录每一年发生过的重要的事件，并且世代相传。图为布鲁尔拉科他族的长者Battiste Good(1821- 1907)根据原绘制在兽皮上的图画，而重新绘制的总结。记录了从1203年到1907年每年的重大事件。可以清楚的分辨出饥荒，马匹的引入，猎捕野牛，严冬的暴风雪，天花病，以及其他一些重大的事件。

Powwow
出现在片中的47分03秒。印第安人的一种音乐形式，完全由人声配以鼓点，同时伴有舞蹈。多出现在各种仪式和特殊场合下。现在主要做为一种印第安人的集会形式。现在每年4月在新墨西哥州的阿尔伯克基(Albuquerque)，都会举行一次盛大的powwow集会，称作Gathering of Nations。在次期间评选出最优秀的Powwow演唱组，和舞蹈者以及Miss Indian World。呵呵，可能大家开始还听不习惯，没法接受。想了解更多：http://www.powwows.com/

Tomahawk
印第安战斧。呵呵 美国军方非常喜欢用印第安名字给他们的武器命名。比如著名的"战斧"巡航导弹 就是这个Tomahawk啦。还有阿帕奇和卡曼奇直升机都是印第安部落的名字。

Peace Pipe
第一集的时候已经说了这个烟斗了。它还有一个作用就是表示和平，当一个印第安人想表示和平的时候，他会邀请你坐下来和他一起抽烟斗。

Telegraph line
电报线路。1861年美国东西部的电报线路首次在犹他州的不里杰堡(Fort Bridger)对接。这是美国第一条横贯东西的电报线路。东起华盛顿特区，西至萨克拉门托。这条线路的第一次通信，是由加州的治安官发给林肯总统的。他的建立完成了美国邮政系统由Pony Express(下文有说明)的快马传书向电报转变的过程。



真实人物、地点与历史事件
TREATY OF FORT LARAMIE - 1851.9.17
1851年拉勒米堡条约(内布拉斯加州，北纬42度12分 西经104度31分)。很不平等的条约。历史上印第安人非常遵守条约的内容而美国政府从来没有遵守过任何一份与印第安人签署的条约，现在的美国政府也好不到哪里去。以下是我翻译的条约具体内容：

          1851年拉勒米堡条约
以下为公元1851年9月17日在拉勒米堡归纳和制定的有关印第安人领土条约的具体条款。甲方为印第安事务负责人D.D. Mitchell，印第安事务官Thomas Fitzpatrick以及总统授权的特派专员。乙方为居住在落基山脉以东，北起密苏里河，南至德克萨斯州与新墨西哥州州界的以下部落的酋长，头人和勇士，既苏族(Sioux)或称为达科他族(Dahcotahs)，夏延族(Cheyenne)，阿拉帕霍族(Arrapahoes), 克劳族(Crows), 阿西尼博因族(Assinaboines), 格劳斯-文彻族(Gros-Ventre)，曼丹族(Mandans)以及阿里卡拉族(Arrickaras)。【a】

条款1：
乙方既上述各部落内部本着彼此之间建立和平稳定关系的目的聚到一起，特此立下条约在今后避免彼此之间的敌对行动，在相互的交往过程中维护真诚友好的关系，共同创造持续有效的和平氛围。

条款2：
上述各部落特此承认美国政府有权利在部落各自的领土上修建道路，成立军队和修建岗哨。

条款3：
考虑到在先前条款中得到的权利和特殊待遇，美国政府同意在该条约批准后保护上述部落免遭美国人的破坏和袭击。

条款4：
上述的印第安部落特此同意在该条约批准后，要赔偿和弥补因为部落的个人或小部族对合法生活或经过部落各自领地内的美国公民采取错误的举动而造成的损失。

条款5：
上述的印第安部落特此就各自的领土地域范围达成共识并得以确认，边界线包括在地域范围之内，属于其各自的领土，具体如下：
（为了给大家一个直观的印象，我没有翻译这部分，而是花了3个小时的时间在地图上标出了大概的区域，而图中黑色的区域就是现在美国的印第安人保留地，大家可以比较一下）

苏族(Sioux)或称为达科他族(Dahcotahs)领土：（红色）
格劳斯-文彻族(Gros-Ventre)，曼丹族(Mandans)以及阿里卡拉族(Arrickaras)领土：（绿色）
阿西尼博因族(Assinaboines)领土：（紫色）
黑脚族(Blackfoot)领土：（黄色）
克劳族(Crows)领土：（浅蓝色）
夏延族(Cheyenne)和阿拉帕霍族(Arrapahoes)领土：（粉色）

这里需要特别指出，在双方就领土达成共识并得到承认后，既不代表上述的各印第安部落放弃其要求拥有其他领土的权利，也没有损害其任何利益。

条款6：
该条约乙方所选择出的负责人或代表各自部落的大酋长，通过他们将条约的各条款加以实施。他们必须保证其各自部落的酋长及以后的继承人有端正的品德。

条款7：
考虑到条款中的约定，对于乙方的印第安各部落已经或可能造成的损失，以及对于他们维护和改善其道德和风俗习惯的补偿，美国政府同意给予上述印第安部落每年5万美元金额的物质补助，为期10年。并且根据美国总统的决定，此后可以继续给予不超过5年的补偿。包括提供商品，家畜，农机具。根据美国总统认为的最符合各部落情况的方法--上述印第安部落的人口比例进行分配。

条款8：
谈判双方均同意如果乙方的任何一个印第安部落违反了其中的任何一条规定，美国有权扣留上条提及的对该部落的全部或部分物质补助，直到美国总统认为该印第安部落已经做出弥补。做为凭证，上述谈判双方。D. D. Mitchell，Thomas Fitzpatrick以及相应官员，同酋长，头人和勇士均在当天上述的同一地点，签字画押。

（下面就是签字了，印第安人画的是×，省略...）

【a】经过签字画押的条约得到了上议院的批准。期间在征询了各部落的意见后，在条款7中进行了修改，将最开始的"提供50年的物资补助"缩减为10年。除了克劳族反对以外，其余部落均赞成。修改后的条约最后被承认有效。
英文原文请见：http://puffin.creighton.edu/lakota/1851_la.html


Gold Rush
淘金热

1848年1月24日，一个来自新泽西的木匠，詹姆斯·马歇尔(James W. Marshall，见上图)，在为约翰·萨特(John Sutter)建造一台锯木机的时候，于加州科洛马(Coloma，北纬38度47分 西经120度53分)亚美利加河(American River)附近发现了一个金块。这一发现，随后吸引了众多淘金者。到了8月的时候，整个山坡上已经驻扎了4000人，而且还有大批的人从东部，以及世界各地涌来。淘金热从1850年兴起，1852年到达顶风，但是此后淘金者人数仍然没有减少。到这里的金矿被开采殆尽为止，共挖掘出总价值约20亿美元的金子。
同时大批的淘金者的涌入也破坏当地的环境，致使印第安人赖以为生野生动物数量减少，白人同部落之间的冲突不断。



Conquering Bear

布鲁尔(Brule)苏族酋长 征服之熊，拉勒米堡条约的签署者之一。就是因为他的死，造成了“格雷坦大屠杀”，见下。

Grattan Massacre
美国政府称为“格雷坦大屠杀”，实际上是美国那边一手造成的。
在1854年夏天，根据早先的条约，大约4000名布鲁尔(Brule)和奥格拉拉(Oglala)苏族人在拉勒米堡(Fort Laramie)附近安营。
8月17日，一队摩门教徒经过附近的俄勒冈小路，他们一头牛闯进了苏族的营地，并且被杀死了。
刚刚从西点军校毕业的约翰·格雷坦少尉(John L. Grattan)奉命要去捉拿那个杀死牛的苏族人。
这个个初出茅庐，年轻气盛的毛头小子，急切的想通过与印第安人战斗来证明自己。
一个拉勒米堡的军官事后会议说“他是抱着与印第安人开战的想法离开要塞的，为了逮捕那个人，他会不惜一切代价。”
格雷坦在布鲁尔酋长 征服之熊(Conquering Bear，见上图)面前出尽洋相，他坚持要逮捕那个杀牛的人。征服之熊深知当前的形式，
尽力同格雷坦谈判，愿意按照条约赔偿牛所造成的损失。但是，格雷坦却让局势更加的紧张。当征服之熊最后失望的在这个傲慢的年轻人面前站起来的时候，他被人从身后开枪打死。
这引发了双方的冲突，结果格雷坦和他的手下全部被杀死。而美国当局却将该事件说成是“格雷坦大屠杀”，并随后派军队进行报复。
杀死了86人并逮捕了70名妇女和儿童。这次事件向拉科他族人证明了美国人是不会遵守他们的诺言的。


Oregon Trail

俄勒冈小路。历史上最著名的移民路线。起点为密苏里州的独立城(Independence)，终点为俄勒冈州的哥伦比亚河流域全长约3200公里。
这里首先被皮毛商人和传教士使用。然后在1840年左右，突然有12000左右的移民跟随马车队经此路前往俄勒冈州，途中有很多要塞可以提供生活补给，而整个路程要持续4到6个月。1847年开始又有数以千计的摩门教徒沿着所谓的“摩门小路”线前进，其实就是俄勒冈小路。


William Clarke Quantrill(1837-1865)

威廉·克拉克·考崔尔。美国南方联盟游击队指挥官。出生在俄亥俄州的多佛市。在内战爆发之前，曾经是一名赌徒，偶尔也在中西部和西部当过老师。曾经多次因为谋杀，盗窃，偷取马匹而遭到起诉。1861年内战爆发后，他联合臭名昭著的Frank James，带领一伙南部联盟的游击队在密苏里州和堪萨斯州一带洗劫农场及报复支持联邦军队的社区。1862年，他被任命为南方同盟的一名上尉，同年北方联邦军将他列为不法分子。最著名的事件发生在1963年8月21日。当时他带领450名游击队员袭击了堪萨斯州的劳伦斯城。这里正是支持北方联邦军队的参议员詹姆斯·莱恩(James H. Lane)的家乡。莱恩一直倡导要在堪萨斯州消除奴隶，建立自由的土地。考崔尔的游击队杀死了183人，并烧毁了大部分的建筑，这就是著名大"劳伦斯城大屠杀(Lawrence Massacre)"


Pony Express
美国历史上，雇佣骑手在加州的萨克拉门托(Sacramento, Calif.)到密苏里州的圣约瑟夫(St. Joseph, Mo.)送信的邮政体制。途中会经过多个中转站。于1860年1月启用至1861年10月停止。而著名的Buffalo Bill(野牛比尔)，也曾经是一位被雇佣的骑手，估计后三集中他会出现。




本集演员
Graham Greene 饰 征服之熊

经过2集苦苦的等待，终于见到他了！Graham Greene是目前为止演员里面名气最大的了。还没认出来？《与狼共舞》里面的Kicking Bird啊！他就是凭借《与》获得了1990年奥斯卡最佳男配角提名，也是唯一一位获得奥斯卡提名的印第安演员。同时也是我个人最喜欢印第安演员，他拍过的电影和电视剧我看过不下20部，1993年Bruce Willis的《纽约大劫案》，1999年Tom Hanks的《绿里》算是比较有名的了。上个星期刚刚订购了一部DVD是他主演的反映拉科他苏族印第安人保留地现状的影片《Skins(2002)》，下个星期该到了吧 ：）


Russell Means 饰 疾风之狐

最后一个莫希干人(1992)》中的Chingachgook。这位可是印第安人在政坛方面的骄傲。早在1972年他就当选为美国印第安人运动(AIM, American Indian Movement)的第一届主席，与美国政府对峙，要求将Wounded Knee（受伤溪）归还给拉科他族。美国政府派出了军队，在此期间一名美国特工被人开枪打死。在没有任何有力证据的情况下，美国政府逮捕了另外一名领袖Leonard Peltier（报告明确的指出 Peltier的枪与射击被害人的枪口径完全不吻合），并关押至今（详情见http://www.freepeltier.org/index.htm）1988年他又在美国总统选举中竞争自由党的候选人。2001年他又以无党派人士的身份竞选新墨西哥州州长，记得当时听过一段采访他的录音。我前几天刚刚下载了他和Eddie Spears（本片中 饰演 青年天狼星 的 Michael Spears的弟弟，在后面3集中会出现）的新片《Black Cloud(2004)》（Black.Cloud.2004.LiMiTED.XviD-ALLiANCE）


John Terry 饰 雅各布·惠勒

《Lost》和《24》的fans一定熟悉吧，他在《24》第二季中饰演 Bob Warner，《lost》中的 Dr. Christian Sheppard



其他发现
1.
每集片子开头的时候都会出现一张地图，不知道大家有没有仔细看过这张地图，每集都有变化的。
有美国国旗飘动的地方代表美国的国土，而印第安人的土地会用比较亮的区域显示出来。

第一集 印第安人的土地辽阔


第二集 美国得到了西北部的俄勒冈和华盛顿州

第三集 除了中间的一小块大平原是印第安人的土地外 美国的边界基本成型


还是每集开头的那段，最开始的时候，会看到一个印第安人的手拿着画笔，在画Winter Count（上文有解释），每集画面就是这一集里面的重点内容，正好符合Winter Count的含义，可谓构思巧妙

第一集 猎捕野牛
第二集 马车队

第三集 淘金热与印第安人遭到屠杀

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说在前面的一些话：
美国独立日停了一周，终于可以看第四集了
刚刚看了一下时间表，这周六的时间段被安排上了《拯救大兵瑞恩》和《我们是士兵》。呵呵，意图非常明显嘛，独立日肯定反战呼声高涨，需要一些像这样的影片来安抚人心。

以下是接下来3集的具体时间（北京时间）

7月9日星期六 4 "Hell on Wheels"
7月16日星期六 5 "Casualties of War"
7月23日星期六 6 "Ghost Dance"

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Inside "Into The West" Part 4
第四集 移动的城镇
关键词
1868 Fort Laramie Treaty
1868年拉勒米堡条约。因为红云发动的战争而使美国政府被迫签订的条约（又一篇超过4000字的法律条文 赐予我力量吧~~~~~ 先把英文贴出来，预计周四完成。不过恐怕也没有几个人真正能看完 呵呵）

FORT LARAMIE TREATY
APRIL 29, 1868
TREATY WITH THE SIOUX-- BRULé, OGLALA, MINICONJOU, YANKTONAI, HUNKPAPA, BLACKFEET, CUTHEAD, TWO KETTLE, SANS ARCS, AND SANTEE--AND ARAPAHO

15 Stat., 635.
Ratified, Feb. 16, 1869.
Proclaimed, Feb. 24, 1869

Articles of a treaty made and concluded by and between Lieutenant-General William T. Sherman, General William S. Harney, General Alfred H. Terry, General C. C,. Augur, J. B. Henderson, Nathaniel G. Taylor, John B. Sanborn, and Samuel F. Tappan, duly appointed commissioners on the part of the United States, and the different bands of the Sioux Nation of Indians, by their chiefs and head-men, whose names are hereto subscribed, they being duly authorized to act in the premises.

ARTICLE 1. From this day forward all war between the parties to this agreement shall forever cease. The Government of the United States desires peace, and its honor is hereby pledged to keep it. The Indians desire peace, and they now pledge their honor to maintain it.

If bad men among the whites, or among other people subject to the authority of the United States, shall commit any wrong upon the person or property of the Indians, the United States will, upon proof made to the agent and forwarded to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs at Washington City, proceed at once to cause the offender to be arrested and punished according to the laws of the United States, and also re-imburse the injured person for the loss sustained.

If bad men among the Indians shall commit a wrong or depredation upon the person or property of any one, white, black, or Indian, subject to the authority of the United States, and at peace therewith, the Indians herein named solemnly agree that they will, upon proof made to their agent and notice by him, deliver up the wrong-doer to the United States, to be tried and punished according to its laws; and in case they wilfully refuse so to do, the person injured shall be re-imbursed for his loss from the annuities or other moneys due or to become due to them under this or other treaties made with the United States. And the President, on advising with the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, shall prescribe such rules and regulations for ascertaining damages under the provisions of this article as in his judgment may be proper. But no one sustaining loss while violating the provisions of this treaty or the laws of the United States shall be re-imbursed therefor.

ARTICLE 2. The United States agrees that the following district of country, to wit, viz: commencing on the east bank of the Missouri River where the forty-sixth parallel of north latitude crosses the same, thence along low-water mark down said east bank to a point opposite where the northern line of the State of Nebraska strikes the river, thence west across said river, and along the northern line of Nebraska to the one hundred and fourth degree of longitude west from Greenwich, thence north on said meridian to a point where the forty-sixth parallel of north latitude intercepts the same, thence due east along said parallel to the place of beginning; and in addition thereto, all existing reservations on the east bank of said river shall be, and the same is, set apart for the absolute and undisturbed use and occupation of the Indians herein named, and for such other friendly tribes or individual Indians as from time to time they may be willing, with the consent of the United States, to admit amongst them; and the United States now solemnly agrees that no persons except those herein designated and authorized so to do, and except such officers, agents, and employes of the Government as may be authorized to enter upon Indian reservations in discharge of duties enjoined by law, shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in the territory described in this article, or in such territory as may be added to this reservation for the use of said Indians, and henceforth they will and do hereby relinquish all claims or right in and to any portion of the United States or Territories, except such as is embraced within the limits aforesaid, and except as hereinafter provided.

ARTICLE 3. If it should appear from actual survey or other satisfactory examination of said tract of land that it contains less than one hundred and sixty acres of tillable land for each person who, at the time, may be authorized to reside on it under the provisions of this treaty, and a very considerable number of such persons shall be disposed to commence cultivating the soil as farmers, the United States agrees to set apart, for the use of said Indians, as herein provided, such additional quantity of arable land, adjoining to said reservation, or as near to the same as it can be obtained, as may be required to provide the necessary amount.

ARTICLE 4. The United States agrees, at its own proper expense, to construct at some place on the Missouri River, near the center of said reservation, where timber and water may be convenient, the following buildings, to wit: a warehouse, a store-room for the use of the agent in storing goods belonging to the Indians, to cost not less than twenty-five hundred dollars; an agency-building for the residence of the agent, to cost not exceeding three thousand dollars; a residence for the physician, to cost not more than three thousand dollars; and five other buildings, for a carpenter, farmer, blacksmith, miller, and engineer, each to cost not exceeding two thousand dollars; also a schoolhouse or mission-building, so soon as a sufficient number of children can be induced by the agent to attend school, which shall not cost exceeding five thousand dollars.

The United States agrees further to cause to be erected on said reservation, near the other buildings herein authorized, a good steam circular-saw mill, with a grist-mill and shingle-machine attached to the same, to cost not exceeding eight thousand dollars.

ARTICLE 5. The United States agrees that the agent for said Indians shall in the future make his home at the agency-building; that he shall reside among them, and keep an office open at all times for the purpose of prompt and diligent inquiry into such matters of complaint by and against the Indians as may be presented for investigation under the provisions of their treaty stipulations, as also for the faithful discharge of other duties enjoined on him by law. In all cases of depredation on person or property he shall cause the evidence to be taken in writing and forwarded, together with his findings, to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, whose decision, subject to the revision of the Secretary of the Interior, shall be binding on the parties to this treaty.

ARTICLE 6. if any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select, in the presence and with the assistance of the agent then in charge, a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent, which tract, when so selected, certified, and recorded in the "land-book," as herein directed, shall cease to be held in common, but the same may be occupied and held in the exclusive possession of the person selecting it, and of his family, so long as he or they may continue to cultivate it.

Any person over eighteen years of age, not being the head of a family, may in like manner select and cause to be certified to him or her, for purposes of cultivation, a quantity of land not exceeding eighty acres in extent, and thereupon be entitled to the exclusive possession of the same as above directed.

For each tract of land so selected a certificate, containing a description thereof and the name of the person selecting it, with a certificate endorsed thereon that the same has been recorded, shall be delivered to the party entitled to it, by the agent, after the same shall have been recorded by him in a book to be kept in his office, subject to inspection, which said book shall be known as the "Sioux Land-Book."

The President may, at any time, order a survey of the reservation, and, when so surveyed, Congress shall provide for protecting the rights of said settlers in their improvements, and may fix the character of the title held by each. The United States may pass such laws on the subject of alienation and descent of property between the Indians and their descendants as may be thought proper. And it is further stipulated that any male Indians, over eighteen years of age, of any band or tribe that is or shall hereafter become a party to this treaty, who now is or who shall hereafter become a resident or occupant of any reservation or Territory not included in the tract of country designated and described in this treaty for the permanent home of the Indians, which is not mineral land, nor reserved by the United States for special purposes other than Indian occupation, and who shall have made improvements thereon of the value of two hundred dollars or more, and continuously occupied the same as a homestead for the term of three years, shall be entitled to receive from the United States a patent for one hundred and sixty acres of land including his said improve-meats, the same to be in the form of the legal subdivisions of the surveys of the public lands. Upon application in writing, sustained by the proof of two disinterested witnesses, made to the register of the local land-office when the land sought to be entered is within a land district, and when the tract sought to be entered is not in any land district, then upon said application and proof being made to the Commissioner of the General Land-Office, and the right of such Indian or Indians to enter such tract or tracts of land shall accrue and be perfect from the date of his first improvements thereon, and shall continue as long as he continues his residence and improvements, and no longer\'. And any Indian or Indians receiving a patent for land under the foregoing provisions, shall thereby and from thenceforth become and be a citizen of the United States, and be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of such citizens, and shall, at the same time, retain all his rights to benefits accruing to Indians under this treaty.

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ARTICLE 7. In order to insure the civilization of the Indians entering into this treaty, the necessity of education is admitted, especially of such of them as are or may be settled on said agricultural reservations, and they therefore pledge themselves to compel their children, male and female, between the ages of six and sixteen years, to attend school; and it is hereby made the duty of the agent for said Indians to see that this stipulation is strictly complied with; and the United States agrees that for every thirty children between said ages who can be induced or compelled to attend school, a house shall be provided and a teacher competent to teach the elementary branches of an English education shall be furnished, who will reside among said Indians, and faithfully discharge his or her duties as a teacher. The provisions of this article to continue for not less than twenty years.

ARTICLE 8. When the head of a family or lodge shall have selected lands and received his certificate as above directed, and the agent shall be satisfied that he intends in good faith to commence cultivating the soil for a living, he shall be entitled to receive seeds and agricultural implements for the first year, not exceeding in value one hundred dollars, and for each succeeding year he shall continue to farm, for a period of three years more, he shall be entitled to receive seeds and implements as aforesaid, not exceeding in value twenty-five dollars.

And it is further stipulated that such persons as commence farming shall receive instruction from the farmer herein provided for, and whenever more than one hundred persons shall enter upon the cultivation of the soil, a second blacksmith shall be provided, with such iron, steel, and other material as may be needed.

ARTICLE 9. At any time after ten years from the making of this treaty, the United States shall have the privilege of withdrawing the physician, farmer, blacksmith, carpenter, engineer, and miller herein provided for, but in case of such withdrawal, an additional sum thereafter of ten thousand dollars per annum shall be devoted to the education of said Indians, and the Commissioner of Indian Affairs shall, upon careful inquiry into their condition, make such rules and regulations for the expenditure of said sum as will best promote the educational and moral improvement of said tribes.

ARTICLE 10. In lieu of all sums of money or other annuities provided to be paid to the Indians herein named, under any treaty or treaties heretofore made, the United States agrees to deliver at the agency-house on the reservation herein named, on or before the first day of August of each year, for thirty years, the following articles, to wit:

For each male person over fourteen years of age, a suit of good substantial woolen clothing, consisting of coat, pantaloons, flannel shirt, hat, and a pair of home-made socks.

For each female over twelve years of age, a flannel skirt, or the goods necessary to make it, a pair of woolen hose, twelve yards of calico, and twelve yards of cotton domestics.

For the boys and girls under the ages named, such flannel and cotton goods as may be needed to make each a suit as aforesaid, together with a pair of woolen hose for each.

And in order that the Commissioner of Indian Affairs may be able to estimate properly for the articles herein named, it shall be the duty of the agent each year to forward to him a full and exact census of the Indians, on which the estimate from year to year can be based.

And in addition to the clothing herein named, the sum of ten dollars for each person entitled to the beneficial effects of this treaty shall be annually appropriated for a period of thirty years, while such persons roam and hunt, and twenty dollars for, each person who engages in farming, to be used by the Secretary of the Interior in the purchase of such articles as from time to time the condition and necessities of the Indians may indicate to be proper. And if within the thirty years, at any time, it shall appear that the amount of money needed for clothing under this article can be appropriated to better uses for the Indians named herein, Congress may, by law, change the appropriation to other purposes; but in no event shall the amount of this appropriation be withdrawn or discontinued for the period named. And the President shall annually detail an officer of the Army to be present and attest the delivery of all the goods herein named to the Indians, and he shall inspect and report on the quantity and quality of the goods and the manner of their delivery. And it is hereby expressly stipulated that each Indian over the age of four years, who shall have removed to and settled permanently upon said reservation and complied with the stipulations of this treaty, shall be entitled to receive from the United States, for the period of four years after he shall have settled upon said reservation, one pound of meat and one pound of flour per day, provided the Indians cannot furnish their own subsistence at an earlier date. And it is further stipulated that the United States will furnish and deliver to each lodge of Indians or family of persons legally incorporated with them, who shall remove to the reservation herein described and commence farming, one good American cow, and one good well-broken pair of American oxen within sixty days after such lodge or family shall have so settled upon said reservation.

ARTICLE 11. In consideration of the advantages and benefits conferred by this treaty, and the many pledges of friendship by the United States, the tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservation as herein defined, but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill River, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. And they, the said Indians, further expressly agree:

1st. That they will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains.

2d. That they will permit the peaceful construction of any railroad not passing over their reservation as herein defined.

3d. That they will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon-trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States, or to persons friendly therewith.

4th. They will never capture, or carry off from the settlements, white women or children.

5th. They will never kill or scalp white men, nor attempt to do them harm.

6th. They withdraw all pretence of opposition to the construction of the railroad now being built along the Platte River and westward to the Pacific Ocean, and they will not in future object to the construction of railroads, wagon-roads, mail-stations, or other works of utility or necessity, which may be ordered or permitted by the laws of the United States. But should such roads or other works be constructed on the lands of their reservation, the Government will pay the tribe whatever amount of damage may be assessed by three disinterested commissioners to be appointed by the President for that purpose, one of said commissioners to be a chief or head-man of the tribe.

7th. They agree to withdraw all opposition to the military posts or roads now established south of the North Platte River, or that may be established, not in violation of treaties heretofore made or hereafter to be made with any of the Indian tribes.

ARTICLE 12. No treaty for the cession of any portion or part of the reservation herein described which may be held in common shall be of any validity or force as against the said Indians, unless executed and signed by at least three-fourths of all the adult male Indians, occupying or interested in the same; and no cession by the tribe shall be understood or construed in such manner as to deprive, without his consent, any individual member of the tribe of his rights to any tract of land selected by him, as provided in article 6 of this treaty.

ARTICLE 13. The United States hereby agrees to furnish annually to the Indians the physician, teachers, carpenter, miller, engineer, farmer, and blacksmiths as herein contemplated, and that such appropriations shall be made from time to time, on the estimates of the Secretary of the Interior, as will be sufficient to employ such persons.

ARTICLE 14. it is agreed that the sum of five hundred dollars annually, for three years from date, shall be expended in presents to the ten persons of said tribe who in the judgment of the agent may grow the most valuable crops for the respective year.

ARTICLE 15. The Indians herein named agree that when the agency-house or other buildings shall be constructed on the reservation named, they will regard said reservation their permanent home, and they will make no permanent settlement elsewhere; but they shall have the right, subject to the conditions and modifications of this treaty, to hunt, as stipulated in Article 11 hereof.

ARTICLE 16. The United States hereby agrees and stipulates that the country north of the North Platte River and east of the summits of the Big Horn Mountains shall be held and considered to be unceded Indian territory, and also stipulates and agrees that no white person or persons shall be permitted to settle upon or occupy any portion of the same; or without the consent of the Indians first had and obtained, to pass through the same; and it is further agreed by the United States that within ninety days after the conclusion of peace with all the bands of the Sioux Nation, the military posts now established in the territory in this article named shall be abandoned, and that the road leading to them and by them to the settlements in the Territory of Montana shall be closed.

ARTICLE 17. It is hereby expressly understood and agreed by and between the respective parties to this treaty that the execution of this treaty and its ratification by the United States Senate shall have the effect, and shall be construed as abrogating and annulling all treaties and agreements heretofore entered into between the respective parties hereto, so far as such treaties and agreements obligate the United States to furnish and provide money, clothing, or other articles of property to such Indians and bands of Indians as become parties to this treaty, but no further.

In testimony of all which, we, the said commissioners, and we, the chiefs and headmen of the Brulé\' band of the Sioux nation, have hereunto set our hands and seals at Fort Laramie, Dakota Territory, this twenty-ninth day of April, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.

fee

目前就这么些，呵呵；

明天就是第5集了；

第四期里面说到了：中国劳工在修铁路；呵呵，大家可以感动一把

美国对历史的反省，似乎客观的多；

中国的少数民族文化 还有许多的历史，应当被挖掘以下作许多许多完整的记录片

myers

呵呵，好片子～～
似乎了解的人还比较少