铁幕演说的英文版

stupid-ass

Modern History Sourcebook:
Winston S. Churchill:
\"Iron Curtain Speech\", March 5, 1946


Winston Churchill gave this speech at Westminster College, in Fulton, Missouri,
after receiving an honorary degree. With typical oratorical skills, Church
introduced the phrase \"Iron Curtain\" to describe the division between Western
powers and the area controlled by the Soviet Union. As such the speech marks
the onset of the Cold War.

The speech was very long, and here excerpts are presented.


The United States stands at this time at the pinnacle of world power. It is a
solemn moment for the American democracy. For with this primacy in power is
also joined an awe-inspiring accountability to the future. As you look around
you, you must feel not only the sense of duty done, but also you must feel
anxiety lest you fall below the level of achievement. Opportunity is here now,
clear and shining, for both our countries. To reject it or ignore it or
fritter it away will bring upon us all the long reproaches of the aftertime.

It is necessary that constancy of mind, persistency of purpose, and the grand
simplicity of decision shall rule and guide the conduct of the English-speaking
peoples in peace as they did in war. We must, and I believe we shall, prove
ourselves equal to this severe requirement.

I have a strong admiration and regard for the valiant Russian people and for my
wartime comrade, Marshal Stalin. There is deep sympathy and goodwill in
Britain -- and I doubt not here also -- toward the peoples of all the Russias
and a resolve to persevere through many differences and rebuffs in establishing
lasting friendships.

It is my duty, however, to place before you certain facts about the present
position in Europe.

From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has
descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the
ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna,
Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the
populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all
are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very
high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.

The safety of the world, ladies and gentlemen, requires a unity in Europe, from
which no nation should be permanently outcast. It is from the quarrels of
the strong parent races in Europe that the world wars we have witnessed, or
which occurred in former times, have sprung.

Twice the United States has had to send several millions of its young men
across the Atlantic to fight the wars. But now we all can find any nation,
wherever it may dwell, between dusk and dawn. Surely we should work with
conscious purpose for a grand pacification of Europe within the structure of
the United Nations and in accordance with our Charter.

In a great number of countries, far from the Russian frontiers and throughout
the world, Communist fifth columns are established and work in complete unity
and absolute obedience to the directions they receive from the Communist
center. Except in the British Commonwealth and in the United States where
Communism is in its infancy, the Communist parties or fifth columns
constitute a growing challenge and peril to Christian civilization.

The outlook is also anxious in the Far East and especially in Manchuria. The
agreement which was made at Yalta, to which I was a party, was extremely
favorable to Soviet Russia, but it was made at a time when no one could say
that the German war might not extend all through the summer and autumn of
1945 and when the Japanese war was expected by the best judges to last for a
further eighteen months from the end of the German war.

I repulse the idea that a new war is inevitable -- still more that it is
imminent. It is because I am sure that our fortunes are still in our own
hands and that we hold the power to save the future, that I feel the duty to
speak out now that I have the occasion and the opportunity to do so.

I do not believe that Soviet Russia desires war. What they desire is the fruits
of war and the indefinite expansion of their power and doctrines.

But what we have to consider here today while time remains, is the permanent
prevention of war and the establishment of conditions of freedom and
democracy as rapidly as possible in all countries. Our difficulties and dangers
will not be removed by closing our eyes to them. They will not be removed by
mere waiting to see what happens; nor will they be removed by a policy of
appeasement.

What is needed is a settlement, and the longer this is delayed, the more
difficult it will be and the greater our dangers will become.

From what I have seen of our Russian friends and allies during the war, I am
convinced that there is nothing they admire so much as strength, and there is
nothing for which they have less respect than for weakness, especially military
weakness.

For that reason the old doctrine of a balance of power is unsound. We cannot
afford, if we can help it, to work on narrow margins, offering temptations to a
trial of strength.

Last time I saw it all coming and I cried aloud to my own fellow countrymen and
to the world, but no one paid any attention. Up till the year 1933 or even
1935, Germany might have been saved from the awful fate which has overtaken her
and we might all have been spared the miseries Hitler let loose upon mankind.


There never was a war in history easier to prevent by timely action than the
one which has just desolated such great areas of the globe. It could have
been prevented, in my belief, without the firing of a single shot, and
Germany might be powerful, prosperous and honored today; but no one would
listen and one by one we were all sucked into the awful whirlpool.

We must not let it happen again. This can only be achieved by reaching now,
in 1946, a good understanding on all points with Russia under the general
authority of the United Nations Organization and by the maintenance of that
good understanding through many peaceful years, by the whole strength of the
English-speaking world and all its connections.

If the population of the English-speaking Commonwealth be added to that of
the United States, with all that such cooperation implies in the air, on the
sea, all over the globe, and in science and in industry, and in moral force,
there will be no quivering, precarious balance of power to offer its temptation
to ambition or adventure. On the contrary there will be an overwhelming
assurance of security.

If we adhere faithfully to the Charter of the United Nations and walk forward
in sedate and sober strength, seeking no one's land or treasure, seeking to lay
no arbitrary control upon the thoughts of men, if all British moral and
material forces and convictions are joined with your own in fraternal
association, the high roads of the future will be clear, not only for us but
for all, not only for our time but for a century to come.

Winston Churchill - March 5, 1946



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is a collection of public domain and copy-permitted texts for introductory
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Unless otherwise indicated the specific electronic form of the document is
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(c)Paul Halsall Aug 1997
halsall@murray.fordham.edu

丘吉尔在美国密苏里的富尔顿学院公开发表的“铁幕”演说（节录）
  丘吉尔富尔顿演说（1946年3月5日）（节录）[⑩]
“美国此刻正高踞于世界权力的顶峰。对美国民主来说，这是一个庄严的时刻。拥有最大的力量，也就是对未来负有令人敬畏的责任。放眼四顾，你不但觉得已经尽了应尽的责任，也感到忧虑，恐怕以后的成就未必能达到这样高的水平。对你我两国来说，现在都有一个机会在这里，一个明确的、光彩夺目的机会。如果拒绝、忽视、或糟蹋这个机会，我们将受到后世长期的责备。……
“当美国的军事人员在立场严重的局势时，他们习惯于在他们的指令的头上写上‘全面战略概念’字样。这种做法是明智的，因为它能使思想明朗化。那么，什么是我们为今天所应题写的全面战略概念呢？它不应该低于在一切地方的所有男女的所有家庭的安全和幸福以及自由和进步。……
“为了使这些无数的家庭得到安全，必须保护他们，使他们不受两个可怕的掠夺者——战争和暴政——的侵犯。……
“……为了防止战争这一主要目的，已经建立了一个世界组织。……我们必须使这一切得到肯定：它的工作是有成果的，它是一种现实而不是一种假象，它是一种行动力量而不仅只是语言的空谈，它是一种真正的和平之宫而不仅只是纷纷扰扰争吵的场所……
“然而，我有一个明确而实际的行动建议要提出来。宫廷和地方行政长官没有县吏和皂吏就不能办事。因此，必须马上着手给联合国配备一支国际武装力量。在这个问题上，只能一步一步来，但我们必须从现在开始着手做。我建议，应邀请每一个大国和其它成员国派出一定数量的空军中队，为这个世界性组织服役。这些中队将由本国训练和筹备，但在各国轮流驻扎。他们身着本国的军服，佩戴不同的徽章。不能要求他们对自己的国家作战，但在其它方面将受这世界性组织的指挥。这个办法可以小规模地实行起来，让它随着我们信心的增长而扩大。第一次世界大战后我曾希望做到这一步，相信现在会立即办到。
“不过，如果把美国、英国和加拿大现在所共同掌握的制造原子弹的秘密知识和经验托付给这个仍处于婴儿时代的世界性组织，马氏错误的和轻率的。如果任凭这种秘密知识在这依然骚动和不团结的世界上自然发展，那是罪恶的发狂。……
“现在我讲到威胁着茅舍家庭和普通老百姓的第二个危险，即暴政。我们不能无视一个事实，就是美国和大英帝国的个别公民到处都能享受的自由，在相当多的国家里是不存在的，其中一些是十分强大的国家。在这些国家里，各种包罗万象的警察政府对老百姓强加控制，达到了压倒和违背一切民主原则的程度。或是一些独裁者，或是组织严密的寡头集团，他们通过一个享有特权的党和一支政治警察队伍，毫无节制地行使着国家的大权。在这多难的岁月，我们的责任不是同武力去干预那些我们不曾征服的国家的内部事务。但是，我们绝不能放弃以大无畏的声调宣扬自由的伟大原则和基本人权。这些英语世界的共同遗产，继大宪章、人权法案、人身保护法、陪审团审讯制、以及英国习惯法之后，它们又在美国独立宣言中得到举世闻名的表现。
“到此为止，我们显然是完全一致的。现在，当仍然奉行这个实现我们全面战略概念的方法的时候，我要讲一讲此行要谈的关键问题。没有我所称之为各英语民族同胞手足一样的联合，有效地防止战争和继续发展世界组织都是办不到的。这种联合就是以英联邦与帝国为一方和以美利坚合众国为另一方建立特殊的关系。现在不是泛泛空谈的时候，我要明确地谈谈。
“兄弟般的联合不仅要求我们两个庞大的、有血缘关系的社会制度之间存在着日益增长的友谊和相互谅解，而且要求双方军事顾问继续保持密切的联系，以便共同研究潜在的危险。武器的异同，训练的教材，以及在军事院校互换军官和学员的问题。它还应包括联合使用两国在世界各地掌握的所有海空基地，使现有的设施继续用于共同安全的目的。……
“不久刚被盟国的胜利所照亮的大地，已经罩上了阴影。没有人知道，苏俄和它的共产主义国际组织打算在最近的将来干些什么，以及它们扩张和传教倾向的止境在哪里，如果还有止境的话。对于英勇的俄罗斯人民和我的战时伙伴斯大林元帅，我十分钦佩和尊敬。在英国——我毫不怀疑，在这里也是一样——人们对俄国各族人民怀有同情和善意，决心经受种种分歧和挫折，建立起持久的友谊。
“我们理解，俄国需要它西部边界的安全，以免再次遭受德国的侵略。我们欢迎它占有它在世界大国中有权占有的地位。我们特别欢迎的是，在俄国人民和大西洋两岸的我方人民之间保持经常不断的、频繁的和日益增多的接触。但是，我有责任把有关当前欧洲形势的某些事实摆在你们面前。
“从波罗的海的斯德丁〔什切青〕到亚得里亚海边的的里雅斯特，一幅横贯欧洲大陆的铁幕已经降落下来。在这条线的后面，座落着中欧和东欧古国的都城。华沙、柏林、布拉格、维也纳、布达佩斯、贝尔格莱德、布加勒斯特和索菲亚——所有这些名城及其居民无一不处在苏联的势力范围之内，不仅以这种或那种形式屈服于苏联的势力影响，而且还受到莫斯科日益增强的高压控制。只有雅典，放射着它不朽的光辉，在英、美、法三国现场观察下，自由地决定它的前途。
“受俄国支配的波兰政府被怂恿对德国领土实行大片的、不义的侵占，正在以可悲的、梦想不到的规模把数以百万计的德国人成群地驱逐出境。在所有这些东欧国家原来都很弱小的共产党，已经上升到同它们党员人数远不相称的主导的、掌权的地位，到处争取极权主义的控制。几乎在每一处，都是警察政府占了上风。到目前为之，除了捷克斯洛伐克，根本没有真正的民主。
“土耳其和波斯〔伊朗〕都为莫斯科政府向它们提出的要求和对它们施加的压力而感到惊惶万分。驻在柏林的俄国人正试图通过对各左翼领导集团的袒护，在他们的德国占领区建立一个准共产党。去年6月战斗结束时，美国和英国军队按照先前的协议，从一条将近四百英里宽的战线上西撤，在某些地方深达一百五十英里。这样就让俄国人占领了西方民主国家所攻打下来的辽阔的土地。
“现在，如果苏联政府试图单独行动，在他们的地区建立一个亲共的德国，就将给英美两国占领区制造严重的困难，授予了战败的德国人以在苏联和西方民主国家之间拍卖抬价的权力。这些都是事实。不论我们从中得到什么结论，这肯定不是我们进行武装斗争所要建立的解放的欧洲，也不是一个具有永久和平必要条件的欧洲。
“在横跨欧洲的铁幕前面，还有其它令人焦虑的因素。意大利共产党由于不得不支持共产党训练的铁托元帅对亚得里亚海顶端的前意大利领土的要求，受到严重的牵制。尽管如此，意大利还是前途未卜。再一点，欧洲的复兴，如无一个强大的法国，这是不可思议的。在我的全部公职生活中，我总是为使法国强大而工作着。甚至在最黑暗的日子里，我也不曾对它的命运丧失信心。现在也不会丧失信心。
“不过，在远离俄国边界、遍布世界各地的许多国家里，共产党第五纵队已经建立。它绝对服从来自共产主义中心的指令，完全协调地工作着。除了在英联邦和美国——那里的共产主义运动还在婴儿时代——共产党，即第五纵队到处构成对基督教文明的日益严重的挑衅和危险。这是任何人在取得胜利的次日都应该记诵的一些黯淡的事实。这一胜利是通过在战斗中以及在自由和民主的事业中结成情谊深厚的战友关系取得的。如果我们不趁还来得及的时候正视这些事实，那就太不明智了。
“……我不相信苏俄希望战争。他们所希望的是得到战争的果实，以及他们的权力和主义的无限扩张。因此，趁今天还为时未晚，我们在这里要考虑的是永久制止战争和尽速在一切国家为自由和民主创造条件的问题。
“对于困难和危险视而不见，不能解决问题；袖手旁观，也不解决问题；采取绥靖政策，也无济于事。现在需要的是作出解决问题的安排。拖得越久，就越困难，对我们的危险也就越大。大战期间，我对我们俄国朋友和盟友的观察所得的印象使我坚信，他们所钦佩的莫过于实力，而他们最瞧不起的是军事上的虚弱。由于这个缘故，势力均衡的旧理论不适用了。如果可以避免的话，我们再也经不起在只留有狭小余地的情况下进行工作，从而提供了进行较量的诱惑。假使西方民主国家团结一致，严守联合国宪章的原则，那么，它们推行这些原则的影响力将是巨大的，没有人会来冒犯它们。不过，假使它们四分五裂，在自己执行职责时手软，假使让这紧要关头的几年白白混过去，那么，我们大家确实都要在浩劫中被毁灭了。
“上一次，我曾目睹大战来临，对自己本国同胞和全世界大声疾呼，但是人们都听不进。近至1933年，甚至1935年，或许还能把德国从后来落到它头上的可怕命运中拯救出来，使我们大家都免遭希特勒强加于人类的苦难。
“在全部历史中，没有一次战争比前不久使地球上这么多广大地区沦为废墟的这次大战，更容易同及时的行动加以制止。它本来可以不发一枪就被制止住，而德国本来可以至今是一个强大、繁荣、受尊敬的国家。但是，谁也听不进。于是所有我们这些国家，一个接一个都被卷入可怕的漩涡中了。
“我们肯定地必须不让那种事重演。这只有这样做才能达到：在现时，即一九四六年，在联合国普遍权威之下，就所有问题同俄国达成良好的谅解；并且通过这个世界性组织，在讲英语的世界及其一切联系地区的全力支持下，使上述良好的谅解在许多和平的年份中维持下去。
“请不要把不列颠帝国和联邦的坚持的能力加以低估。……如果在美国的人口之外，再加上英语联邦的人口，再加上这种合作关系所涉及的在空中、海上、科学和工业各方面的合作，那就不会出现不稳定的、靠不住的力量均衡，致使野心家和冒险家情不自禁。……倘若英国所有道义上、物质上的力量和信念，都同你们的力量和信念兄弟般的联合在一起，那末，就将不仅为我们、为我们的时代，而且也将为所有的人，为未来的世纪，带来一个广阔的前程，这是明确无疑的。”