关于 cet 4,6 的一些应试技巧[转载]

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四、六级考试讲座
1. 四级考试简介
2. 四级备考方法综述。
(1)听力训练
听力训练中的误区
    （1）常常在听力练习过程中听到不少同学的第一反映就是“听不懂”。其实，所谓“听不懂”或“听得懂”是一种极为错误的意识。因为“听懂了”往往是在听力过程中将听到的英语信息（包括部分句子或单词）翻译为中文来理解。转换不过来，就认为不懂。试想如果听到的信息读得很快，或内容很多，怎么能即时转换得过来呢？所以常常顾了头，顾不了尾。即使好不容易“听懂了”，或苦苦思索后用中文想出了某几个单词的意思，却会仍不明白整个说的是什么。对于做听力题而言，如果要依靠转换理解来答题，肯定会顾此失彼，上句不接下句，待用中文弄明白了前面的题目或某个自认为难懂的“单词/短语”，还没来得急高兴，后面早不知读到哪道一题了！我们应该认真想一想，听中文为什么容易懂？其原因就是不需要转换。
    （2）误以为听力训练就是做试题。试题要不要做呢？适当做点题可以检测自己的听力水平。但如果企图用做试题的办法来提高听力，甚至一味强调答题技巧，其结果只能是越做越没有信心。很多同学不是在反复钻研听力技巧，大量做听力题吗？试问提高了多少分数？问题就在于做试题仅仅强化了抓住不完整信息和词语的能力，使我们把注意力高度集中在所谓“关键词、数字、人物、地点、时间”等所谓要点上，目的是为了把题目选对。而一旦听到的内容或句子更为复杂，因为记不住，就只好碰运气押题。试想如果听英语新闻或报告，会不会在听完后做多项选择？与老外对话，是否可以不时打断，让对方出几个选择题看看你听懂了没有？那老外会以为咱有点毛病。
    （3）准备四级就仅仅限于听四级听力训练题，似乎听其它的材料会耽误自己的时间，也没有什么收获。其实恰恰相反。举个例子，一位教练员同时训练两名身体条件和素质相仿的跳高运动员。一位运动员的训练课程就是让他不断的跳。而另一位运动员的训练课程除了跳高之外，还包括跑步、跳绳、爬山、游泳、举重和其它体能训练。一年之后，谁的成绩提高得快一些呢？答案是很明显的。所以，只听四级听力训练题，效果不一定很好。
2听力训练的有效方法
（1）要真正提高听力，实现必须改变原有的不好习惯。如果还是以靠英语和汉语之间的转换来所谓“听懂”某些信息，那只能走入死胡同。换句话说，听英语要逐渐做到用英语记忆和理解。英语有句格言，Practice makes perfect.但如果没有养成良好的习惯，则很可能Practice does not necessarily make perfect. 这一点，练习者务必牢记。
    （2）听力的初步训练，是锻炼瞬间的记忆能力。也就是在瞬间记住稍纵即逝的英语信息记忆能力。

(2)阅读技巧
一、阅读的大忌——试图弄懂文章中的每一个词
首先，中国学生通常存在的习惯的错误做法是：考试时对于文章中的每一个词都希望尽量搞懂。从应试得分的角度出发，这种做法是十分不合算的，搞清文章中每一个单词的意思固然对文章的理解以及答案的选择有帮助，便是由于考生词汇量、阅读理解能力及时间等的限制，我们无法、也不可能，同时也没必要把文章词汇全部搞清楚。
对付生词的有效方法是根据合理化原则顺势阅读。也就是当你遇到生词的时候，如果不影响对语义的理解，就不要理它，顺势读下去；如果该词汇影响到整体语义的理解，就应当根据周围语言环境，根据合理化原则推测出一个合理的褒义，继续顺势向下读。记住：你是在读文章，不是在背单词。
二、积极的阅读
较高境界的阅读是把注意力集中在作者的思想上，而不是在个别零碎“单词”上。比如读到but的时候，应当能够“预见”到下一句的意思与上一句不同，意思相反。能够抓住作者的文章的主题和脉络就越读越明白，而不会只见树木，不见森林。
三、快速阅读法
● 略读或跳读（Skimming），即从头到尾寻找重点词、关键句去理解；
● 查读或扫读（Scanning），即在文章特定部分寻找某一线索，就像我们日常阅电视报当天节目一样。这两种方法都不得适用于长篇文章的阅读，目的是在尽量少的时间中了解文章，找到答案。
四、阅读顺序——先读文章？还是先读题？
阅读的顺序很有讲究，仁者见仁，智者见智，有多种方法：
● 大多数考生在阅读时采用下面传统的三部曲：
第一部：读文章
第二部：做题目
第三部：有拿不闪的再回头读文章
有的时候还可能重复循环下去，这种做题准确率较高，缺点是速度慢，效率很低。
● 先浏览题，记住大致考点，再读文章，划下重点位置，最后做题，一气呵成。
● 直接从问题入手，边读题边到前面的文章中寻找答案。
● 不读文章，只做题目。本法仅适用于“狗急跳墙”的时候。
六、不良的阅读习惯
考生平时阅读文章时常犯如下毛病：
● “指读”：用手指、铅笔、尺子指着文章，一个单词一个单词地读。这样无形中限制了眼睛“扫描”的速度，从而降低了阅读速度。
● “头读”：每次换行读时，头作相应的摇动动作。这样时间长了，不仅人的颈部很容易出现疲劳的症状，也限制了阅读速度。
● “声读”：必须读出声音才能理解，也就是必须将书面上的字符转化成愿意才能使脑子理解，这样也会影响阅读速度。因此，考生应多进行“默读”训练，学会直接将字符转化成意思的技能。
● “回读”：一遇到生词或不熟悉的短语的时候，返回句首或段首重读。
● “译读”：在阅读的过程中，不断进行单词、短语、句子的翻译，通过译成母语来达到理解。
七、阅读文章十大命题原则
任何事物的运作都有其一定的规律，四、六级阅读题也不例外，它完全体现测试法的理论，再现在命题上便于工作是依据一定的命题原则进行题目设计。我们将这种规律归纳总结成以下十条原则，即十大考试要点：
（一）列举处常考
列举指的是First, …Second, …Third,…等逐条列出，并列指的是A、B and C，逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出三点或三点以上的条目。本书统称为“列举处常考”。该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”，主要有两种：
● Which题型
该题型只要求从并列的三项中选一项作为答案，其他选项与题目无关。
● Except题型
该题型要求考生通过核对文章内容，排除满足文章内容三个选项，而留下“不”符合文章的“错误”选项作为答案，通常称为“三缺一”题型。参见阅读题类型与特点节Except题型。
（二）转折处与强对比处常考
转折处常常是语义的重点，命题常常要涉及，转折一般通过however, but, yet, in fact等引导。
强对比常由unlike, until, however, but等引导。命题模式如下：文章中说A具有X属性，B与A不同。问题是B有何属性？答案为非X属性。参见常规命题思路节“反着考”。
（三）例子常考
句中由as, such as, for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子为举例句，需要注意的是例子一般是和文章的中心，或段中心紧密相关的，常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”，而大多数这类问题的解都符合“中心思想是解”的解题思路。参见解的特征节“中心思想是解”。
（四）数字与年代常考
文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是命题者命题点。参见数字题型。
（五）最高级及绝对性词汇常考
文章中若出现must, all, only, anyone, always, never等绝对性词汇或first, most beautiful等最高级词汇，往往是考题要点，一般出“细节性问题”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点，那就是概念绝对，答案唯一，无论是命题还是答题，不会产生歧义和疑问，因此很容易命题，答案绝对正确。相反地，如果文章中出现相对性的词汇，就很难有唯一的答案了。请大家琢磨一下下边的例题，文中：Some of the people chose red hats, some chose green hats, and others blue ones.问题：What color hats did some people choose?因为其中some为相对性词汇，所以就没有唯一正确的答案，答案可能为red, green或blue，这样就会给评卷造成了困难。大家体会一下，其实命题也受到许许多多的限制，要按照一个固定套路进行。
（六）专有名词常考
包括人名、地名、或其他的专有名词。当你阅读之前，先扫视一下文章后的题，如果有专有名词，划下来，这样在阅读的时候才能有的放矢。
（七）隐蔽处常考
隐蔽处顾名思义，即是指句子中隐蔽之处、容易忽视之处，包括：
● 同位语
● 插入语

● 定语
● 长句后半句
● 从句
● 副词
● 不定式
……
（八）因果句常考
句中含有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句：
● 表示因果的连词：because, since, for, as, therefore, so, consequently等；
● 表示因果的动词：cause, result in, originate from等；
● 表示因果的名词：base, basis, result, consequence等。
这些因果句都是指明某两个事件之间因果关系的，尤为命题者所青睐，因为通过命题可以考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系。此种句型一般出“推断性问题”。
九）段落主题句常考
文中句段第一句（段首句）和末段最后一句（文尾句）都是十分重要的地方，往往是文章作者表达中心思想，进行总结综述的地方，因此常出主题性问题、细节性问题和结构性问题。
（十）特殊标点常考
有一些特殊标点的含义也属于考查范围：
● 破折号：表示解释，考细节性问题；
● 括号：表示解释，考细节性问题；
● 冒号：表示解释，考细节性问题；
● 引号：表示引用，考细节性问题。
综上所述，我们可以利用上面所介绍的考题点，作为“路标”，迅速地指引我们找到正确答案；同时作为命题规律，体验自己所选答案的正确性。有些同学做题很快，其中一个很本质的原因在于他对考点非常敏感，见到“路标”就能预见考题，未见考题，已知答案。如果说读完文章后就能预测出后边会考哪四道题，确实是言过其实，但对应试高手而言，一篇文章读过，心里已经预见到七、八首考题，而之后真实考题尽在预料之中确实是常见的。
八、常规命题思路
中心+细节=文章
● 文章中心常考：常于主题句中表现出来，主题句可以出现于文章的首句，或篇中。一篇文章也可以没有明确的主题句。
● 段中心常考：可以在段落的首句和末句，也可以没有明显的段中心句，需要自己概括出来。
● 细节题的实质：细节题针对文章的某个局部命题，通俗地说，所谓细节题就是将文章中的一句话拿出来单考。
● 指代（信息传递）常考：文章中的指代常作为考察内容。
命题模式：B指代A，B具有X特点，结论为A具有X特点。有时只是简单地提问指代关系。
● 倒着考：即将文章中的某句话，倒过来考一遍。
命题模式：文章中A导致B；问题：有B这一结果，为何？答案：因为A。
● 命题模式：文章中A具有X属性，B与A不同；问题：B有何属性？答案：非X属性。
九、阅读题类型及其特点
四、六级阅读题目一共有六种题型，分别是：
● 主题性问题
● 细节性问题
● 态度性问题
● 推断性问题
● 词汇性问题
下面详细介绍这5种题型的特点、解题思路：
（一）主题性问题
主题性问题，顾名思义，要求考生找到一篇文章的中心思想。命题形式有以下3种：
（1）Main Idea类型
典型问题形式：What is the main idea/point of this passage?
选项形式为陈述句。要求考生选择表达作者思想、观点的句子。
（2）Main Topic类型
典型问题形式：What is the main topic of this passage? Topic（论题），或Subject（主题），或Title（标题）等。
（3）Purpose类型
典型问题形式：What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?
选项形式为动宾结构。要求考生找到主要的写作目的。
对策：有超过一半的文章中心在文章的首句和末句。从解劝的特征来看一般符合“概括性的是解”。参见解的特征节。
（二）细节性问题
细节性问题为阅读考题的基本问题，所占比重达80%。此类考题答题正确。体会：细节题绝大部分体现“中心思想是解劝”。下面将细节性考题分类进行讨论。
（1）According题型
此题型为最基本题，由According to the passage或The passage states that引导，考查学生对于文章中Factual（事实）内容的掌握，如时间、地点、事件等细节问题。
对策：利用题目中的关键词寻找文中对应词，在对应词周围查找到答案。
（2）数字题型
此种题型为比较基本的题目，考查学生对数字的理解能力，一般有如下5种考查方法：
● 运算型：通过四则运算（主要是加减法）求解。
对策：注意原始数据不是解。
● 多个选一个题型：文中出现多个时间或数字，对应不同的事物，问题只考其中一点。
对策：对号入座。
● 域型：文中时间后数字为一区域、范围，求最高、最低或其中某一点。
● 世纪型：已知某一年份，求其为哪个世纪。如已知1906年，问其为19世纪初，还是20世纪初。这种题极易做错，请考生注意。
● 不规则型：文章并未出现数字，只有表示数字概念的文字，求其表示的数量。此种题目稍难，因为文章中没有现成的数字，要求考生通过表达数字概念的文字加以推断，如：一个圆被相交直线分割，分成几部分？
（3）Except题型
该题型俗称“三缺一”题型，即题目四个选项中有三个符合文章内容，剩下一个不符合，题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如：All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness Except…。
这种题型有两种考法：
一种是考并列、列举句，只考一个句子，考局部。这是因为它要求其三个选项中的每一个都是文章中交开或列举句中出现的。利用这一特点，我们在读文章的时候就可多留意，如看到并列、列举句，可预想其有可能被考到；如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型，则应到并列、列举处找答案。另一种是篇章性的考法：三个干扰项在文章中不同部分出现，难度很大。这种题目难度大于TOEFTL，接近GRE。
（三）态度性问题
态度性问题考查学生是否了解文章作者或文中某人对某事物所持观点或态度。命题形式为The attitude of the author towards something is one of…？
态度性问题的选项一般分为以下三种：
● 褒义词：positive, wonder, support, useful, interesting, enthusiasm, admiring等；
● 中性词：indifferent, impassive, uninterested, ambivalent, neutral, apathetic, humor, disinterested, disinterest等；
● 贬义词：disgust, critical, negative, tolerant, disappointment等。
策略：
● 遇到这样的词，要用笔画下来，以免以后不好找。
● 根据文中有典型褒贬含义的词汇判断。
● 当题目要求找出作者对某人的态度时，答案多为褒义词，其他词类可能性较小。
（四）推断性问题
典型提问方式：It can be inferred from the passage that            。
推断性问题考查学生根据已知内容推断引申含义的能力。命题形式包括下列五个动词：infer, imply, suggest, conclude和assume。
推断性问题要求考生根据文章中的关键词、短语、结构等进行推断，或要求考生通过阅读某段或几段内容，推断出一个结论，类似于主题性问题。注意防止不依据关键词而凭空进行推断，审许多考生存在的一个通病。
（五）词汇性问题
根据上下文判断大纲词汇表以外某些词汇和短语的意义，不要考察两种情况：
● 熟词僻义或具体词义在特定语言环境的场合考法。注意在这种情况下，常规含义不是解。
● 超出词汇表的生词含义的推断。
主要策略：心里一定要清楚，只有根据上下文来判断该词真正具有合理性的词义，才是你唯一的出路。

bonker

十、解的特征
由命题的难度梯决定，解心然有如下特点：
● “中心思想是解”
● “隐蔽处有解”
● “合理项不是解；不合理项是解”
● “照抄原文不是解；同义替换是解”
● “含义肯定的不是解；含义不肯定的是解”
● “can是解”
● “could是解”
● “may是解”
● “usually是解”
● “might是解”
● “most（大多数）是解”
● “more or less是解”
● “relatively是解”
● “be likely to是解”
……
● “绝对的不是解”
●“must不是解”
● “always不是解”
● “never不是解”
● “the most（最高级）不是解”
● “all不是解”
● “only不是解”
●“any不是解”
● “none不是解”
● “entirely不是解”
……
例外：在表示原因，表示方式、方法时。
● “suggest是解”
● “具体的不是解，概括性的是解”
● “系表结构是解”
● “some是解”
● “someone是解”
● “somebody是解”
● “some time是解”
● “something是解”
● “certain（一些）是解”
……
● “具体的不是解，抽象的是解”
● “简单的不是解，复杂的是解”
● “含义矛盾的是解”
● “复合句是解”
● “比较结构是解”
● “字面意思不是解，深刻含义是解”
……
● “虚词型的解”
● “another是解”
● “other是解”
● “more是解”
● “either是解”
● “both是解”
● “also是解”
● “beside是解”
● “additional是解”
● “extra是解”
● “different是解”
● “same是解”
● “particular是解”
● “nearly是解”
● “not enough是解”
● “部分是解”
……
● “变化是解”
● “change是解”
● “delay是解”
● “improve是解”
● “postpone是解”
● “increase是解”
……
● “重要是解”
● “important是解”
● “necessity是解”
● “essential是解”
……
● “基础是解”
● “ basis是解”
● “be based on是解”
顺便说一句,以上内容不是一定,而是一般

bonker

3. 四级作文简述

一、语言障碍
初练英语写作的人，总是感到意思无法顺畅表达，心里憋得难受。脑子里一会儿用英语思考，一会儿又不得不借助汉语把思路理清楚。思路理顺后，又苦于找不到恰当的词语和句型。甚至想好了某个词语，可又拿不准拼得对不对。一篇短短一两百字的作文，写得异常辛苦。写完一读，竟然连自己也不明白写的是什么。练习：
我 的 时 间 观
时间就是生命。常言说：一寸光阴一寸金。的确，钱用完了可以再挣。但时间一去将永不复返。从这一点上说，时间是无价的。
我们都知道，生命是短促的，时间也是有限的。因此，很多人能够利用一切可利用的时间努力学习和工作。以便在有生之年多做一点力所能及的事。但也有一些人，终日无所事事，胡思乱想，或闲聊着打发日子。到头来，这些人终将追悔莫及。
年青人都有自己的理想和抱负。要使理想和抱负变为现实，就必须抓紧时间。为了充分利用时间，最好制定一个可行的时间表。必须做到今日事今日毕。此外，业余时间也可以充分利用。总之，科学地利用时间，必将得到最大的回报。
My View On Time
Time is life. A Chinese proverb says, “Time is as precious as gold.” Actually, when money is spent, it can be regained. But when time is gone, it will never come back. In this sense, time is invaluable.
It is generally acknowledged that life is short and time is limited. So many people will try to make the best use of their time to study and work. In this way they can accomplish as much as they wish during their lifetime. But some people just idle away their time by daydreaming or talking nonsense. Surely, it will be too late for them to repent when they come to know the value of time.
Young people should be ambitious. To reach one’s goal, a person must spend his time efficiently. In order to make the full use of time, it is advisable to work out a feasible timetable for things to be done. We are not supposed to leave today’s work till tomorrow. Moreover, an awareness of the odds of time is very important. On the whole, it pays to spend time scientifically.
2.词汇量与作文
大学英语作文涉及的多为日常话题，因而日常词语也使用较多。如果能把自己熟悉的日常词语用好用活，则足以充分表达自己的意思。
有一篇四级作文，题目是“An Early Morning Walk”，看看一位学生的习作：
An Early Morning Walk
One morning I got up very early, and everything around was very quiet. The morning star was still high up in the blue sky. (描述清晨天气晴朗好不一定说“It was a sunny day.) No people were in sight. (静悄悄见不到人) Somewhere there came the singing of unknown birds. (试比较The birds are singing in the trees.) Walking on the street, I could feel the smell of the early morning. (感受到清晨的气息)
But when I arrived at the park, I was surprised to see many people there. Some boys and girls were playing merrily (欢快地) on the grass. Some young people were doing morning exercises. Some old men and women were practicing Taiji boxing by the lake.
I never expected (没料想到) that the morning world was so charming (迷人), and I became to understand those people who were enjoying themselves in the garden. I myself also felt alive and free (精神抖擞，心旷神怡) after the walk. Taking early morning walk makes a man healthy and happy.
多掌握同义词语
    作文最怕用词单调。平时练习作文甚至记单词时就得有一种意识，很多概念是可以用不同词汇来表达的。绝不能仅仅因为知道用一个词儿或短语来表达某个意思就满足了。应多想一想，或者查一查词典，看是否还有其它的同义词语。运用多了，词汇就会越来越丰富。
Exercise 1: Try to give the synonyms to the underlined words or phrases in each of the following sentences.
Example:
To do something on purpose is to do it deliberately
If you want to put off a meeting, it means that you intend to postpone it.
1. If someone is eager to go traveling, it means that he d___________ to do that.
2. The child can hardly comprehend the advanced textbook, that is, he cannot u__________ it.
3. I wonder where you have got your knowledge of Chinese history. I really don’t know how you have o_________ it.
4. It seems that Street Funk is fashionable among Chinese youngsters. Do you know why it is so p__________?
5. The novel is so fascinating that I can’t put it down. I believe that you will find it very i _________, too.
6. The young girl’s queer way of dressing attracted the stares of the passersby. I do think her dressing is very s__________.
7. Space travel seemed a remote possibility to our forefathers. This kind of travel is really a d__________ dream to them.
8. Sometimes it is better to pay no attention to a rude person. I mean we’d better i_______ him.
9. Constant practice will surely enhance your ability in written English. That is, by keep writing in English you will certainly i__________ your writing ability.
10. Although he is only thirty, he has become one of the most prominent physicists in the world. There are only a few o__________ physicists like him.
11. Many people expressed their great admiration for the brave soldier. Actually, he was really c________ in the face of death,
12. When a student is unwilling to do the home assignment, it means that he is r________ to do so.
13. He was such a good friend that he practically became a member of our family. He was v________ a considerate person.
14. It is really pleasurable to see so many attractive scenic spots on our journey. This is an e________ journey.
15. Confronted with the enormous challenges facing our world, it is easy to become overwhelmed and filled with despair. The fact is that the t________ challenges can be also regarded as opportunities. tremendous
16. The intensive training course will take nearly two months, and we are going to study there for a_________ sixty days.
17. Many experts believe that until we become more conscious of the pace at which we live, we will never be able to slow down and control our pace. Unfortunately, some people are not actually a________ of the pace.
18. Defeats are nothing to be ashamed of. They are routine incidents in the life of every man who achieves success. In fact, defeats are n________ in our work and study.
19. When we actually attempt to take a language apart to see how it works, we find it is extraordinarily complex. Therefore, it requires great efforts to have a good command of the u________ complicated rules of a language.
20. Environmentalists are doing everything within their power to reduce the impact of oil spill in the river. Hopefully, they will do something to m________ the water pollution
措辞
谁都希望自己的作文更具有可读性。有时仅仅几个用得巧妙的词语就足以使作文增色不少。
Exercise: For each of the following sentences, choose an appropriate word given in the brackets.
1. Visibility was (poor/bad) owing to the thick fog, and our plane had to make a forced landing.
2. Since the objective of writing is to communicate, we should try to use (right/exact) words to express our ideas.
3. No matter how perfect the finished composition may appear, it (pays/needs) to five it one final check.
4. Although city and countryside (have/share) some similarities, there are still some striking differences.
5. He is a (dull/stupid) man and you will have to explain things very carefully to him.
6. The students are (dying/eager) to know the test scores after the final English examination.
7. The international food shortage had a direct (influence/impact) on these barren dessert countries.
8. When it was getting dark, the old lady (put/stood) the candle on the floor and continued to tell me about her story.
9. We can never expect to get rid of war unless we get rid of the (cause/reason) of war.
10. As the Chinese table-tennis players are the best in the world, it was not (shocking/surprising) that they took away most of the cups.
It is unlikely that you will pass this exam since you have done no studying whatsoever.
11. I’m sorry to (refuse/decline) your invitation to the party.
12. The enemy troops were driven back when they (tried/attempted) to cross the border.
13. It was difficult to (think/guess) what her reaction to the news would be.
14. He shall have a companion in the house after all these (lonely/alone) years.
15. It is important that enough money be collected to (support/fund) the project.
16. If you have any questions (about/regarding) any of our services, please (don’t be afraid of calling/feel free to call) our manager.
17. The soldiers looked up and saw a helicopter (hovering/flying) directly above them.
18. When the young man was offered a job with BBC he (seized/humped at) the opportunity.
19. He shouldn’t have risked his life just to save a cat but you have to (respect/admire) his courage.
20. (Of course/Admittedly,) John is always a lousy husband. But he does have some good points.
灵活运用常用词语
灵活运用常用词语可使作文的词语不显得太单调，例如：
没能  can’t — fail to              ★They fail to realize the importance of computer in education.
很多 a lot of — various         ★Internet will provide us with various information.
必须  must — be supposed to     ★People are supposed to be honest to others.
希望 hope — expect            ★No one can expect to find an ideal job if he is lazy.
增加 increase — add             ★This will surely add beauty to the room.
得到 get — obtain / acquire    ★I wonder how he has acquired the knowledge of the world history.
有趣 interesting — fascinating  ★Some of the computer games are fascinating .
深刻的 deep — profound     ★The development of IT will have profound effect on all aspects of our life.
常用句型
根据新大纲的要求, 四、六级作文的字数为120词150词。按平均每个句子7～8个词计算，一篇作文约十几个句子。而不少考生往往问题就出在这十几个句子上。如果掌握了一定的句型并能熟练运用，就会省去很多烦恼，也可避免不必要的造句错误。
1. 众所周知…  It is generally acknowledged (believed / recognized) that…
例：It is generally acknowledged (believed/ recognized) that the Internet will play an important role in social development.
2. 现在，越来越多的人意识到  At present, more and more people become aware of…
例：At present, more and more people become aware of the importance of health.
3. 随着…的普及…  With the popularity of…
例：With the popularity of mobile phone, communication becomes very fast and convenient.
4. 说到…，人们可能会有不同的看法。When it comes to … people may have different opinions.
例：When it comes to the importance of wealth and health, people may have different opinions
. 必要的…对…是有益的。但… It is true that … is good to … But it also true that …
例：It is true that necessary nutrition is good to our health. But it is also true that too much nutrition will result in illness.
6. 常识告诉我们，…  Common sense tells us that …
例：Common sense tells us that not matter how rich a person is, he can never enjoy his wealth if he is in poor health.
7. 我认为，…   (So) As I see it, …
例：(So) As I see it, the influence of television and movies over people cannot be ignored.
8. 有迹象表明，…  There are indications that …
例：There are indications that many people become to realize the importance of health.
9. 尽管… 但…    In spite of… the…
例：In spite of his efforts, the man can hardly support his family with his income.
10. 从这一意义而言，In this sense, …
例：In this sense, health is far more valuable than wealth.
11. 在所有的…中，X是最为…的。  Of all the … X is the most …
例：Of all the transport means in China, bicycle is the most popular one.
12. 毫无疑问，…有…
例：Undoubtedly, the mastery of a certain number of sentence patterns will be helpful to writing.
13. 一个…的…必须首先…  A person who… must at first…
例：A student who desires to find an ideal job must at first know that self-confidence is very important.
14. 事实是…  The truth is that…
例：The truth is that some people who do not take care of their health will suffer a great deal from their illness or even die young.
15. 在众多的…中,有…  Among numerous factors that… there are …
例：Among numerous factors that affect a person’s success, there are two obvious aspects: patience and confidence.
16. 如果我们说… 我们不得不指出…  If we say that… we must point out that…
例：If we say that family offer the environment of one’s living, we must point out that friends also play an important part in shaping our idea.
17. 如果…任何人都不可能… No one can expect to…if he does not…
例：No one can expect to achieve success in his work or life if he does not have a sound body.
18. 综上所述，我们可以得出如下结论…  Form what has been discussed above, we may draw the conclusion that…
例：Form what has been discussed above, we may draw the conclusion that a person who is wealthy will not necessarily be healthy.
句型在作文中的实际运用
The above chart indicates the student use of computers in a certain university from 1990 to 2002. In 1990, the average number a student spent on computer was 2 hours per week. This was later doubled in 1995. But when it comes to 2002, the average number of hours is increased dramatically by five times, which means a student spends 20 hours using computer per week. The following reasons may account for the change.
First, some courses are now taught in the form of multi-medium lecturing, such as English, mathematics and philosophy. For these courses, students needn’t go to the traditional classroom, instead, they just learn them on computer. Second, with the popularity of computer, the price is lower than ever before. A high quality computer just costs no more than 6,000 Yuan and many students can afford a computer. The most important is that the Internet has greatly changed the way in students’ life and study. After class, students can enjoy exciting music and entertaining movies on the computer. Moreover, they can get a great deal of information for their home assignment, papers and experiments.
It is true that computer has offered great convenience to students. But it is also true that some students tend to spend too much time playing on computer. Common sense tells us that endless computer games and on-line chat will surely do great harm to students’ health and study. Also, the knowledge of computer operation is required for a number of students. Computer is a science and it doesn’t only mean a simple tool for editing and playing. There are indications that a student who knows much about computer will surely welcomed in a company or a modern factory.
Exercise: Put the following sentences into English:
1. 众所周知，地球上的生物正受到日益增长的工业污染的严重威胁。
2. 人们普遍认为互联网在社会发展中将发挥更重要的作用。
3. 为抵抗非典，有关国家采取了有力的措施以防止更多的人被感染。
4. 现在，越来越多的人意识到终身教育的重要性。
5. 随着移动电话的普及，通讯变得非常快捷和便利。
6. 说到身体锻炼，人们可能会有不同的看法。
7. 当然，必要的营养对人体是有益的。但营养过度却可能导致疾病。
8. 无论技术如何迅猛发展，人的作用仍是第一位的。
9. 我认为，电视和电影对人们的影响是不可忽视的。
10. 常识告诉我们，地球上的自然资源是不可再生的。
11. 我们在作任何结论之前都必须进行一番调查。
12. 很明显他们的服务还存在不少有待改进之外。
13. 她想当然地认为我们的计划出了毛病。
14. 好的广告可以给厂商带来可观的利润，也给消费者提供了购物信息和方便。
15. 过去我们很多人以为一旦我们学到大量词江，就能自由阅读英语书刊。
16. 从这一角度来考虑的话，这个问题将具有很重要的意义。
17. 尽管这个问题复杂，但计算机可在几分钟内解决。
18. 在所有的交通工具中，单车在中国是最为普及的。
19. 他认为对一个青年医生而言，重要的不是技术，而是信心。
20. 有迹象表明，大学生参加社会实践是非常重要的。
英语作文对句子的要求
要写好句子，应注意以下几个方面：
1. 句子要有明确的主语和谓语以及其它必要的成分。
2. 尽量用自己熟悉和能够把握的句型。
3. 句子的长、短要适当。不能因怕出错而都写短句，也不可追求长得不知所云的句子。
4. 句子成分不要总是主、谓、宾。要讲究一定变化。以增强可读性。
段落中的句子常由简单句，复合句和复杂句交错构成，既是为了表达意思的需要，也可以使句子读起来不会呆板、枯燥。仔细阅读下文，特别注意每一句的开头。
Home Computers
In recent years computers have entered more and more families in China. Many people find that computer have brought them with great convenience and enjoyment. It is true that a home with a good computer may function like a library, a mini-school, a post-office, an office and a place for entertainment.
With the assistance of home computers, people can enjoy reading and writing in a new way. They can even do banking and shopping at home. In addition, one can communicate directly with many places in the world and get rich information very quickly. If one is tired from his work, he can listen to music, watch films or play games through computer.
However, home computer can cause some problems. Frequent contact with computer at home leads to one’s detachment from the society. Gradually, a person may indulge himself with a virtual world. Moreover, children who are addictive to computer games will have trouble in study and life. Home computer will be a good helper if we use it properly, otherwise, it can become a killer.
句子的运用和变化
学会运用不同句型(不同词语)来表达意思，既有助于避免单调和重复的句式，也可以使自己的意思得到生动和准确的表达。
1) 用连接词语开头
(1) Obviously, a man with poor health cannot expect to enjoy a happy life.
(2) Undoubtedly, mobile phone has made it possible for people to communicate with each other conveniently at any time and any place.
(3) Admittedly, young people may have different attitude toward life.
(4) Surely, students who have a good mastery of computer knowledge will have a better chance in their future career.
2) 在名词或名词词组后加从句或分词
(1) To fight against SARS, each government has taken effective measures that will prevent more people from being attacked by the virus.
(2) Traveling, a good way of relaxation and entertainment, is really attractive to young people.
(3) A student playing computer games all day long will not be able to concentrate himself on his study.
(4) Any wealthy person who does not take care of health may find that his wealth can become meaningless.
3) 假设句
1) If Winter is here, can Spring be far behind?
2) A person will surely win the others’ trust and respect if he is honest.
4) 强调句
1) Only by constant practice shall we write English composition well.
2) Never will a person overcome his difficulties in his studies if he has no confidence.
5) 学会用不同句型表达相同的意思
（汉语）语言不是随便可以学好的, 非下苦功不可。
1) It is not easy to learn a language and a good command of a language requires great efforts.
2) Great efforts are needed if one wants to learn a language well.
3) The mastery of a language is far from easy and requires painstaking efforts.
4) We can hardly expect to master a language without working hard.
5) A good command of a language calls for great efforts.
（汉语）要表达一个意思，可使用不同句型。
1) We can express an idea by using different sentence patterns.
2) Using different sentence patterns, we can express a same idea.
3) A variety of sentence patterns can be used to express a same idea.
4) An idea can be expressed by using different sentence patterns.
5) Various sentence patterns are available if we want to express a same idea.
6) It is possible to express an idea by means of different sentence patterns.
段落的构成
1) 四、六级作文段落的类型:
(1) a. 描述某一现象 (如: 伪劣商品)
b. 原因分析
c. 解决的途径
(2) a. 阐述某一共知的道理 (如: 诚信的重要)
b. 说明道理
c. 总结
(3) a. 描述某一现象 (如: 数字的迷信)
b. 原因探讨
c. 此现象的危害性
(4) a. 某些人对一事物的看法
b. 另一些人对该事物不同的看法
c. 我的观点

段落主题句基本概念
主题句是论说文或说明文段落中概括说明段落中心思想或主要内容的核心句子。是构成英语段落的重要手段。主题句既可以帮助作者不偏离段落主题, 也可以使读者迅速了解段落大意。例如：
If a person expects to do things successfully, he should first of all have confidence. It is the confidence that enables a person to face the obstacles or drawback that stand in his way. In fact, one can hardly accomplish anything if he has doubt about his ability in whatever he does. When one’s confidence is shaken, he tends to become discouraged and depressed when tackling a problem, and chances are that he may fail to do what he could. In contrast, a person who never loses heart will succeed in what seems impossible.
此段的第一句即是主题句。指出 “成功必须要有自信心”。而该主题句的内涵（为什么自信心往往可以决定成败）则由该段其它句子来进一步说明。
主题句的结构
主题句由两个部分构成；一部分是Topic (该段要讨论的话题)，另一部分是 Controlling Idea (围绕话题待展开的内容)。例如：
(1) If an English learner really wants to have a good command of the English Language, he should first of all learn how to speak the language.
(2) The cross-century talents should be equipped with the knowledge of modern science and technology, sensitive to the  development of the society, cooperative and competitive in their work.
检验主题句有一个较为简便的方法。即针对句子用Why? (待解释) 和How? (待描述)设问，如果能够解答，则可基本认定为主题句。如果难以解答，或答案很荒谬，则不是主题句。例如：
Wealth is very important in one’s life.
(why? 可解答)
Happiness does not mean the same to different people.
(why? 可解答)
She told me that I couldn’t make progress if I didn’t work hard.
(why? 不必解答)
The lady is my mother.
(why? 不好解答)
8.段落内容的展开和主题句的拓展方式
1) 设问法  对主题句用why?(解释原因)或 How? (描述细节)设问，然后把段落主题句作为一个总的问题以解释、讨论或描述的方式来给予解答。实践证明, 作文难写，但如果换一种思维，把写作分解为问与答, 则作文就好写多了。例：
Friends are really important to us. (why?)
We are sure to suffer a great deal from loneliness if we have few friends. When we are distressed, we need friends to comfort us. When our friends can share something interesting or pleasurable with us, we will be very happy. If we are in trouble or feel disheartened, we can gather strength from the encouragement of our friends. When we have done something helpful to our friends, we will enjoy the pleasure of devotion. In a sense, friends are just like air and water to people’s life.
Everyone seeks happiness. But people may have different views on what happiness actually means. (how?)
People may have different opinions about what happiness actually means. As for me, happiness comes from an ideal job, a warm family and enough time for leisure. An ideal job will enable a person to demonstrate his ability and enjoy the success in his career. A warm family serves as a good place where a person can get comfort after busy work. If we can get time to go traveling, play with friends or just have a good rest. We will be very happy.
2) 连续设问：写好主题句后，用连锁问答方式完成段落。这样，不但把错综复杂的思维表达化解为前后相接的简便的问与答的模式，以便于有效地展开论述，而且能有效地保持句子间的连贯性和逻辑性。例如：
It is generally acknowledged that writing is an important and practical skill needed by people in different fields. (Why?) Many jobs require the ability to write. (How?) Corporate leaders agree that despite the increasing use of the telephone and the computer, much information must still be communicated in the form of writing. (Any examples?) For example, managers, engineers, sales representatives, and countless others are supposed to write regularly as part of their jobs. (What should they write?) Summaries, reports, proposals, letters, and speeches are required in today’s world of work. (so what?) The ability to write, therefore, is a marketable skill, and the individual who is successful in his or her profession is almost always the one who can communicate successfully in writing.
3) 两分法  人们都习惯用一分为二的方法分析和看待事物。用这种方法来展开段落，既便于操作，也具有较强的逻辑性和说服力。例如：
I have learned English for almost ten years, but it is difficult for me to have a good command of the language. For one thing, I just learn English by memorizing many rules. Rules are important. But rules don’t always tell us how to use English properly in given situation. For another, I fail to understand that the study of a language is to communicate rather than compete for good grades. Admittedly, I have a comparatively large vocabulary, but I often feel at a loss for words when I try to speak or write. In fact, to learn a language is not so difficult, but to apply what one has learned about a language is far from easy.
4) 反证法  从反面来论证由主题句提出的观点，用反面的事实来证明某一观点的正确性，使自己的论述更有说服力，也利于段落的展开。
People generally believe that a life without leisure is really terrible. A person who works day and night will gradually feel rather tired. This tiredness, if continues for quite long time, tends to depress the person. As a result, he will find his work or even his life become a burden. In the end, he will think that life is meaningless and he tends to become restless or crazy. As we know, “ Too much work without play makes Jack a dull boy”. Therefore, no matter how busy a person is, he is supposed to arrange some time for leisure. Leisure is a good medicine that will relax us and help people get rid of anxiety and oppression from work or life.
以上介绍的几种方法均具有较好的可操作性，但必须多加实践，灵活掌握，综合运用。更重要的是，应注意语言能力的培养和知识的积累，否则，所谓的方法和技巧都会无济于事。
练习：试用上述方法写出以下段落：
1. 凡事都要有信心
2. 没有休闲的生活是可怕的
3. 人人都希望有健康的身体
9. 中文提示作文及写作方法
写中文提示作文的关键在于仔细审题，明了题目要求之后，第一步是应根据提示的内容先写好段落主题句。完成了这一步，下面的事就好办了。写主题句应注意两个问题。一是相对段落其它句子而言，主题句应留有发展的余地，否则堵了自己的路，话题难以打开。例如：
Knowledge is very important to us because without knowledge we can’t do things well.
主题句不能太笼统，否则段落内容就很难把握，甚至无从下笔。例如：
It is good for us to read books, but some books are very bad.
(2) A good student is one who to studies diligently and often gets high scores.
(3) Everyone dreams to become a great man and win the respect of others.
10.怎样写主题句
主题句的表达方式有几种，可根据作文的内容和自己的造句能力来考虑和选择。以下面的两个作文题为例：
On Making Friends
1. 人人都需要朋友
2. 真正的友谊
3. 我交友的原则
直接表达式  这种方式多用简单句，毫不拖泥带水，直奔主题。
On Making Friends
1. Friends are important to us。
2. But real friendship is not easy to come by.
3. A friend in need is a fiend indeed.
强调式
强调有倒装，it前置，反问，关键词语重复等。考试作文中，用it引导的主题句最常见。因为这类句式便于操作，也颇为实用。例如：
It is certain that a man without friends will suffer a great deal from solitude.
2. It is not difficult to make friends, but it is not easy to obtain real friendship.
3. Hopefully, from my friend I will learn a lot and to my friends I can offer what I should.
条件句式
为避免句式过于单调，还可以用表条件的主题句引出段落出题。这种句式便于先引出话题，再进一步提出观点。
If a person wants to live a happy life, he should have some friends.
2. Of all the things in making a friend, the most important is true friendship.
3. If I am to choose a friend, I will undoubtedly follow the principle that we should devote to each other.
11.考试作文的写作步骤与方法
一旦拟定好主题句，便可根据主题句的大意草拟一个列举式提纲。例如：
The Importance of leisure
1. 没有休闲的生活是难以想象的
  2. 不懂得休闲的人工作起来难以高效
3. 因此
主题句1.：§a. It is really terrible if a person just keep working without any leisure.
a. boring
b. depressed
c. makes people crazy
   主题句2：§Surely, a person who knows little about leisure can never expect to work effectively.
a. lack relaxation
b. difficult to concentrate
c. make mistakes
    主题句3：§Therefore, anyone who intends to work effectively should  always keep in mind that leisure
a. helps a great deal in doing work.
b. leisure is healthful
c. leisure prepares one to work more energetically
如果英语来得较慢，也可以用中文。例如：
My Idea of a Happy Life
幸福生活的不同标准
金钱、奢华
健康、事业
热爱生活、享受生活
2. 我认为幸福生活有三个方面
a. 事业有成
全家和睦
C. 知足
12. 段落之间的关系
文章的各个段落既自成体系，又必须相互协调和照应，以利于全文主题思想的表达。一般来说，因为不同的位置，段落的功能也有所不同。以常见的三段式作文为例：
Competition
Competition is universal in human society. Anyone who wants to be the winner of a match, a game or a contest has to compete against others. People of different careers compete for higher salary and promotion. Students compete with each other in entrance examinations and job-hunting. Admittedly, a person is compelled to make progress constantly because of competition.
However, it is often the case that competition goes hand in hand with cooperation. A team in ball games can hardly beat the other one without good cooperation. Many companies, in co-operation with other corporations or colleges, have greatly expanded their own business. There is no doubt that a man’s ability is finite. It is only by cooperation that people can achieve greater success.
Competition should be encouraged. In fact, competition agrees with the law of human evolution. Without competition, it will be impossible to bring people’s potential into a full play. Meanwhile, we should also attach great importance to cooperation. Otherwise, we can hardly expect to accomplish anything in modern society.
作文的第一段从不同角度概述了竞争的普遍性。第二段则讨论竞争与合作是相辅相成的。结尾段指出二者均不可偏废。第一段的论述为第二段的引伸打下了基础，而第三段则依据前面两段的阐述而做出结论。可见，段落之间存在着必然的联系。

bonker

13. 连接词的妙用
为体现文句和内容的连贯，英语句子常借助于各种过渡词 (transitions) 或连接词(connectors)。一般而言，英语作文中的连接词比汉语要用得多一些。此外，连接词的运用也可体现英语作文的水平。根据其本身的意思和作用，常用过渡词语可以分为以下几类：
1. 列举
first, second, third (the most important),
第一，第二，第三
firstly, secondly, thirdly (finally),     首先，第二，第三
2. 举例说明
for example (for instance),    例如，
Take, for example,    ...        以…为例，
such as (namely),            比如，
3. 强调
especially (obviously/surely/undoubtedly),    尤其是(的确/毫无疑问),
in fact, (as a matter of fact),
事实上，其实，
4. 比较
similarly, likewise,  同样，也
5. 对照
however (but)            然而(但是)
on the contrary (by contrast)    相反
6. 并列
that is   　　　　　 即，也就是说
in other words  　　 换言之
7. 增加
in addition (besides)    　　 　 另外
moreover                   此外
8. 原因/结果
therefore (so)            因此，
as a result (consequently)        结果，
because of this/that         为此，由于，
thus                     因此，这样
9. 结尾(总结)
In conclusion (To sum up),    总之，综上所述
In brief,                 简言之，
In my opinion (To my mind),    我认为，
常用结构词:
generally,  undoubtedly,  admittedly, obviously,  interestingly,  surprisingly,  surely,  actually,  hopefully,  probably,
especially,  particularly,
City and Country Life
It is generally acknowledged that there are some similarities between city and countryside. Yet there still exist some differences.
Generally speaking, as center of culture and commerce, city offers people a good chance of receiving education. It is in city that people have more job opportunities. In cities, modern transportation makes it convenient for people to go outdoors. Moreover, city inhabitants can entertain themselves because of various places for recreation. However, pollution and housing problem are threats to many cities.
In countryside, people usually feel close to nature. The green mountains, blue rivers, fresh air and peaceful environment are really attractive. But life in countryside seems not so interesting and sometimes rather dull, especially, the long and tedious nights tend to drive people mad.
Knowing the differences between city and countryside, we should spare no efforts to bridge the gap.
大学英语2002年12月四级作文
It Pays to Be Honest
1. 当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象
2. 诚实利人利己, 做人应该诚实
It is generally acknowledged that honesty is of great importance in people’s social activities. Actually, anyone is expected to be honest in his study, work and life. But it is not unusual to see dishonest behaviors in modern society. Take, for example, some businessmen tend to cheat the customers by selling some poor quality goods in the name of fine and famous brands. They just want to make big money without considering the interests of the customers. As a result, not only will these commodities cost the customers more money, but also do great harm to their health. Some people who are eager to become officials will try to use money to buy the positions. Undoubtedly, these officials will mislead the ordinary people and ruin the reputation of our party and government. Some lazy students who want to pass the examinations will try their best to cheat in the test. However, their “success” does not mean that they have a good mastery of their subjects. After graduation, they will find it hard to get an ideal job.
To be honest is both beneficial to oneself and the other people. A dishonest person is sure to be looked down upon by others sooner or later. If a person deceives the others, nobody will believe in him/her. Consequently, the dishonest person will have trouble in dealing with others. If a business is not honest, it will be punished by the law and becomes infamous for the cheating. Surely, it will lose the reputation and be discarded by the customers and other businesses. If we are honest to other people, we will win their respect and trust. When honest people are in trouble, others will come to help them. Therefore, being honesty is good for everyone.
There are indications that honesty is not out of style in our society. Most people know that the development of the society requires honest, our friendship calls for honest and most important is that only by honesty will a man achieve success in his work and life.
考试作文注意事项：
1) 格式要规范  2) 字迹须清晰  3) 修改轻轻划  4) 书写要整齐
5) 提纲少不了  6) 想清再动笔  7) 造句要变化  8) 句型应熟悉
9) 时态须慎用  10) 注意讲逻辑
考场注意事项：
1) 考前复习抓重点  2) 考试用具应带齐  3) 填写考号须仔细
4) 中文指令别在意  5) 争分夺秒看听力  6) 时间分配应合理
7) 答题不必依次序  8) 及时填卡勿迟疑

bonker

完了,虽然很多,但希望能给大家一些帮助,祝各位同仁顺利过关!

游遍草丛

我的天！！！！

bonker

说了比较长嘛,想学点东西就得耐烦啊,不过说实在的,我都没通篇读完过```

maowen18

终于看完了,不过我不想考4级了...

lonestar

恩,你这是有自知之明!

乖毛毛  ^_^

橙汁虎纹

狂顶

cyy888

哦 谢了
我终于决定1111………………………………………………………………………………
  还是要考4级

maowen18

.....................
没魄力啊
做死的考有什么意思
还是不要考了